Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 20, 2026
Vessel-sparing Excision and Primary Anastomosis
Published on: January 7, 2019
Reconstructive surgery for women with female genital mutilation: A scoping review
Aurora Almadori1,2, Stefania Palmieri3, Christie Coho4
1Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College of London, London, UK.
Background:
Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a global public health concern. However, reconstructive surgery remains unavailable in many countries.
Objectives:
This scoping review, guided by Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) principles, explores indications, referral routes, eligibility, care pathways and clinical outcomes of reconstructive surgery for FGM.
Search Strategy:
Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms and subject headings were searched in EMBASE, MEDLINE, SCOPUS, Web of Science and publicly available trial registers.
Selection Criteria:
Any primary experimental and quasi-experimental study addressing reconstructive surgery for FGM, and its impact on women, published before June 2023.
Data Collection And Analysis:
After removing duplicates from the search results, titles and abstracts were screened and data were extracted. Disagreements were resolved through panel discussion. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flow diagram depicts the search results and inclusion process.
Main Results:
A total of 40 studies were included. Multidisciplinary teams were involved in 40% (16/40) of the studies, and psychosexual counselling was offered in 37.5% (15/40) of studies. Clitoral reconstruction using Foldes' technique was predominant (95%, 38/40). A total of 7274 women underwent some form of reconstruction. Post-surgery improvement was reported in 94% of the cases (6858/7274). The complication rate was 3% (207/7722 women with reconstruction).
Conclusions:
Further research and clinical trials are needed. Although the outcomes suggest improved sexual function and quality of life post-surgery, the evidence remains limited. Advocating surgical reconstruction for survivors of FGM is vital for addressing health disparities and potential cost-effectiveness.
