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Olfactory Dysfunctions and Chronic Kidney Disease: A Scoping Review
Sara Morales Palomares1, Mauro Parozzi2, Gaetano Ferrara3
1Italian Nephrological Nursing Society (SIAN), Olbia, Italy; Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences (DFSSN), University of Calabria, Rende, Italy; Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Annunziata Hospital, Cosenza, Italy.
Summary
Olfactory dysfunction, including anosmia, affects over half of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Kidney transplantation may restore smell, but further research is needed for better treatments.
Area of Science:
- Nephrology
- Otorhinolaryngology
- Quality of Life Studies
Background:
- Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major global health issue.
- Olfactory dysfunction significantly impacts CKD patients' quality of life.
- Understanding smell impairment in CKD is crucial for patient care.
Purpose of the Study:
- To systematically review the prevalence, implications, and treatments for anosmia in CKD patients.
- To synthesize current knowledge on olfactory dysfunction in the context of chronic kidney disease.
- To identify research gaps and future directions for managing smell disorders in CKD.
Main Methods:
- A scoping review following the Arksey and O'Malley framework and PRISMA-S guidelines.
- Searches conducted across PubMed/Medline, Embase, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library.
- Inclusion criteria focused on CKD patients with olfactory dysfunction; 17 studies involving 4,025 patients were analyzed.
Main Results:
- Over 55% of CKD patients experienced olfactory changes, with 8.5% having anosmia.
- Factors contributing to smell loss include uremic toxins, dialysis, electrolyte imbalance, and malnutrition.
- Potential recovery of olfactory function post-kidney transplantation was observed.
Conclusions:
- Olfactory dysfunction is prevalent in CKD patients, influenced by disease-specific factors.
- Kidney transplantation shows promise for olfactory function recovery.
- Standardized research methods and longitudinal studies are needed to improve understanding and management.
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