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Tumor Immunotherapy

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2025

An Oncogenic Hepatocyte-Induced Orthotopic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Cancer Arising in the Setting of Hepatic Inflammation and Fibrosis

An Oncogenic Hepatocyte-Induced Orthotopic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Cancer Arising in the Setting of Hepatic Inflammation and Fibrosis

Published on: September 12, 2019

Advanced Cholangiocarcinoma With High Tumor Mutation Burden Achieving Complete Response to Immune Check Point

Hirohisa Okabe^1,2, Toshiro Masuda³, Hidetoshi Nitta³

¹Department of Surgery, Kumamoto Regional Medical Center, Kumamoto, Japan; okabeh@kumamoto-u.ac.jp.

Anticancer Research

|June 26, 2024

Summary

Genomic sequencing identified a high tumor mutation burden in advanced hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Immune checkpoint inhibitors led to complete tumor remission and prolonged survival in this patient.

Keywords:

Complete response comprehensive genomic profiling high tumor mutation burden immune checkpoint inhibitor

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Area of Science:

Oncology
Genomics
Immunotherapy

Background:

Genomic examination of tumor tissue is crucial for identifying actionable mutations.
Molecular-targeted therapy can significantly improve survival in advanced malignancies.

Observation:

A patient with advanced hilar cholangiocarcinoma developed metastatic disease 14 months post-surgery.
Chemotherapy with gemcitabine plus cisplatin was administered, followed by an oncopanel revealing a high tumor mutation burden.
Recurrent metastatic adenocarcinoma in the abdominal wall was observed 38 months post-surgery.

Findings:

The patient received atezolizumab, then pembrolizumab, resulting in the disappearance of recurrent tumors within 6 months.
The patient has survived for 76 months post-surgery with no clinical evidence of tumor recurrence.
High tumor mutation burden was associated with a successful response to immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Implications:

Immune checkpoint blockade can be a viable treatment for advanced hilar cholangiocarcinoma with high tumor mutation burden.
Further research is needed to determine the optimal mutation burden for predicting response to immunotherapy.
Personalized medicine approaches integrating genomics and immunotherapy show promise for improving patient outcomes.