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Related Concept Videos

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Retrieval is the process of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness. This ability is essential for daily tasks like brushing hair and teeth, driving to work, and performing job duties. Retrieval occurs in three ways: recall, recognition, and relearning.
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Implicit memories, also known as non-declarative memories, are long-term memories that function outside of conscious awareness. These memories influence behavior and skills without explicit knowledge. This type of memory is evident in tasks like playing tennis, snowboarding, and texting. Implicit memory has three subsystems: procedural memory, conditioning, and priming. This type of memory is essential in various activities, from everyday tasks to specialized skills.
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A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze...
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Elaborative rehearsal is a crucial cognitive strategy that strengthens information encoding in long-term memory by making meaningful connections between new data and pre-existing knowledge. This approach contrasts with maintenance rehearsal, which involves simple repetition without delving into the significance of the information. While maintenance rehearsal might temporarily keep information active in short-term memory, it is less effective for long-term retention.
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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Controlled processes in human consciousness represent high-alert mental states where individuals deliberately focus their attention on achieving specific goals. Controlled processes can be seen in situations like mastering new technology, where a person might become so absorbed that they ignore surrounding distractions. Such processes involve selective attention, requiring one to concentrate on particular elements of experience while disregarding others. These are governed by executive...
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Task Interruption and Resumption Paradigm for Testing the Activation and Pursuit of an Abstract Thinking Goal
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Top-Down Task Goals Induce the Retrieval State.

Devyn E Smith1, Nicole M Long

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904.

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|June 26, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Top-down goals to recognize items engage the retrieval state independently of stimulus repetition. This suggests internal attention drives memory retrieval, influencing cognitive processing.

Keywords:
EEGMVPAbrain stateencodingretrieval

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Memory Research
  • Human Psychology

Background:

  • The retrieval state influences cognitive processing and behavior.
  • The interplay between top-down (goals) and bottom-up (stimulus properties) factors in engaging the retrieval state is not fully understood.
  • Understanding these factors is crucial for explaining how brain state control impacts cognition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the independent and joint effects of top-down goals and bottom-up stimulus properties on retrieval state engagement.
  • To determine how task-relevant versus task-irrelevant brain states influence memory recognition.
  • To clarify the mechanisms by which the retrieval state is induced.

Main Methods:

  • Recognition memory tasks were performed by human participants with varied test phase goals.
  • Scalp electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded.
  • An independently validated mnemonic state classifier was used to measure retrieval state engagement based on task goals and stimulus repetition (hits vs. correct rejections).

Main Results:

  • The retrieval state was engaged for hits irrespective of top-down goals.
  • During correct rejections, the retrieval state was engaged only when the goal was to recognize old items.
  • Retrieval state engagement was higher for low-confidence hits than high-confidence hits when the goal was to recognize old items.

Conclusions:

  • Top-down demands to recognize old items can induce the retrieval state independently of bottom-up stimulus factors.
  • This suggests that internal attention may be recruited to facilitate the access of stored memory representations.
  • The findings provide critical insights into the control of brain states and their influence on cognitive functions like memory recognition.