An analytical characterization study on biofuel obtained from pyrolysis of Madhuca longifolia residues

The current study focuses on examining the characteristics of biofuel obtained from the pyrolysis of Madhuca longifolia residues, since the selected forest residue was primarily motivated by its greater volatile matter content. The study used several analytical techniques to describe pyrolysis oil, char, and gas obtained from slow pyrolysis process conducted between 350 and 600 °C in a fixed-bed reactor. Initially, the effect of process temperature on product distribution was assessed to motivate maximum pyrolysis oil yield and found to be 44.2 wt% at pyrolysis temperature of 475 °C, while the yields of char and gas were 22.1 wt% and 33.7 wt%, respectively. In order to determine the suitability of the feedstock, the Madhuca longifolia residues were analyzed by TGA and FT-IR, which revealed that the feedstock could be a feasible option as an energy source. The characterization of pyrolysis oil, char, and gas has been done through various analytical methods like FT-IR, GC-MS, and gas chromatography. The physicochemical characteristics of the pyrolysis oil sample were examined, and the results showed that the oil is a viscous liquid with a lower heating value than conventional diesel. The FT-IR and GC-MS analysis of pyrolysis oil revealed the presence of increased levels of oxygenated chemicals, acids, and phenol derivatives. The findings of the FT-IR analysis of char indicated the existence of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons. The increased carbon content in the char indicated the possibility of using solid fuel. Gas chromatography was used to examine the chemical structure of the pyrolysis gas, and the results showed the existence of combustible elements.