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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2025

Observing the Transformation of Bodily Self-consciousness in the Squeeze-machine Experiment
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Predicting the bodily self in space and time.

D M L de Boer1,2, P J Johnston3, F Namdar4

  • 1School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, 149 Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia. demarlou@gmail.com.

Scientific Reports
|June 26, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Motor predictions help distinguish self from others and determine self-location. This research used virtual reality (VR) and motion capture to explore agency and self-perception, with implications for neurological conditions.

Keywords:
Bodily self-consciousnessEmbodied gamingFull-body illusion (FBI)Prospective agencySelf-locationSocial cognitionVirtual reality (VR)

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Human-Computer Interaction

Background:

  • The human brain must differentiate self-generated actions from external stimuli.
  • Understanding self-location and self-other distinction is crucial for body ownership and environmental interaction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if motor predictions aid in self-location inference and distinguishing the self from the environment.
  • To explore the causal link between prospective agency, self-other identification, and self-location.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a full-body illusion paradigm (FBI) using a VR setup and full-body motion capture.
  • Compared three conditions: passive FBI, active FBI with voluntary movements, and third-person avatar control in an immersive game.
  • Systematically compared measures of self-location, self-other identification, and agency.

Main Results:

  • A causal relationship was found between motion control (prospective agency), self-other identification, and self-location.
  • Participants recognized their movements in a third-person avatar and aligned with it but maintained their sense of self-location, temporal binding, and identity.
  • Motor predictions enabled participants to accurately localize their bodies and differentiate self from others.

Conclusions:

  • Motor predictions are essential for maintaining self-location and self-other boundaries, even during immersive virtual experiences.
  • Future applications include using embodied games to enhance brain control networks in neurological disorders like psychosis and neurodegeneration.
  • Real-time motion simulations can advance personalized neurorehabilitation techniques.