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Exploring the Pathophysiology of Long COVID: The Central Role of Low-Grade Inflammation and Multisystem Involvement

Evgenii Gusev1, Alexey Sarapultsev1

  • 1Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 620049 Ekaterinburg, Russia.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|June 27, 2024
PubMed

Insights

Long COVID, a complex multisystem condition, is characterized by persistent symptoms due to low-grade inflammation. Understanding this inflammation is key to developing integrated treatments for Long COVID and similar chronic diseases.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Pathophysiology

Background:

  • Long COVID (LC), or Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection (PASC), is a complex multisystem condition following COVID-19.
  • LC presents diverse symptoms across multiple organ systems, posing diagnostic and management challenges.
  • Low-grade inflammation is increasingly recognized as a central pathophysiological mechanism in LC.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the pathophysiological underpinnings of Long COVID.
  • To emphasize the role of low-grade inflammation in LC.
  • To highlight the need for integrated therapeutic approaches.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on the pathophysiology of Long COVID.
  • Analysis of the relationship between low-grade inflammation and LC symptoms.
  • Synthesis of current understanding of LC pathogenesis.

Main Results:

  • Low-grade inflammation is a core component contributing to the chronicity and diversity of LC symptoms.
  • Pathogenetic relationships between SARS-CoV-2 infection and persistent inflammation are complex.
  • LC exhibits significant multisystemic clinical manifestations.

Conclusions:

  • An integrated approach combining personalized medicine and standardized protocols is necessary for managing Long COVID.
  • Understanding LC's inflammatory basis can inform therapeutic strategies for other chronic inflammatory conditions.
  • Further research into the mechanisms of low-grade inflammation in LC is crucial.

Keywords:
PASCchronic inflammationdiagnostic strategiesinflamm-aginglong COVIDlow-grade inflammationpathophysiologypersonalized medicinepost COVID-19 conditionsystemic inflammation

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