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Related Concept Videos

Metabolic States of the Body: The Absorptive State01:25

Metabolic States of the Body: The Absorptive State

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During the absorptive state, which lasts approximately four hours after a meal, the body absorbs nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract. The carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids we consume are broken down into monosaccharides, amino acids, and free fatty acids for absorption. While carbohydrates and proteins are absorbed as-is, lipids are absorbed in their broken-down forms and then re-esterified into triglycerides within enterocytes before being packaged into chylomicrons. These absorbed...
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Glucose Absorption Into the Small Intestine01:26

Glucose Absorption Into the Small Intestine

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Complex carbohydrates consumed cannot be absorbed into the small intestine in their original form. First, they must be hydrolyzed to a monosaccharide form such as glucose or galactose. These monosaccharides are then transported across the intestinal membrane and into the blood via transcellular transport. The intestinal epithelial cells allow the movement of these monosaccharides with a defined 'entry' through membrane transporter proteins present on their apical membrane and...
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Protein Absorption01:12

Protein Absorption

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Proteins in the gastrointestinal tract typically come from food, but they can also originate from disintegrated cells or secreted enzymes. In the stomach, the enzyme pepsin breaks down these proteins into polypeptides. The fragments then move into the duodenum as a semi-fluid mass called chyme. Pancreatic proteases, such as trypsin and chymotrypsin, and intestinal brush border enzymes like carboxypeptidases further dismantle the polypeptides into tripeptides, dipeptides, and free amino acids.
157
Lipid Absorption01:24

Lipid Absorption

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Dietary triglycerides from chyme in the duodenum are mixed with bile salts produced by the liver to emulsify fats. As a result, large droplets are broken down into smaller ones, increasing the surface area for enzymatic action. Once emulsified, pancreatic lipases hydrolyze the triglycerides into free fatty acids and monoglycerides.
These breakdown products bind with bile salts and lecithin to form micelles, which quickly pass between microvilli to come in close contact with the apical...
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Metabolic States of the Body: The Postabsorptive State01:18

Metabolic States of the Body: The Postabsorptive State

294
The postabsorptive state usually starts about four hours after a meal and lasts until the next meal is eaten. During this time, the digestive system stops absorbing nutrients, and the body uses stored energy reserves to maintain stable blood glucose levels.
Initially, glycogen stored in the liver is broken down to release glucose into the bloodstream, while glycogen in the muscles is broken down to supply glucose for energy directly within the muscle cells. As glycogen stores diminish,...
294
Physiology of the Gastrointestinal System II: Digestion and Absorption01:22

Physiology of the Gastrointestinal System II: Digestion and Absorption

476
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract, extending from the mouth to the anus, plays a pivotal role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients. This process involves both mechanical and chemical actions facilitated by various enzymes.
Digestion begins in the mouth, where food undergoes mechanical breakdown by chewing and combines with saliva. Salivary amylase, an enzyme in saliva, starts the breakdown of starches into maltose. The food then travels down the esophagus to the stomach.
In the stomach, a...
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An Intravital Microscopy-Based Approach to Assess Intestinal Permeability and Epithelial Cell Shedding Performance
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Intestinal Ketogenesis and Permeability.

Anna Casselbrant1, Erik Elias1, Peter Hallersund1

  • 1Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|June 27, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

High-fat diets may increase intestinal permeability, but healthy human guts adapt to short-term changes. Ketone bodies influence gut cells in lab studies, but not significantly in humans on high-fat versus carbohydrate diets.

Keywords:
endotoxin methodhigh-fat dietketone bodiespermeabilitysmall intestinal

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Nutrition Science
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • High-fat diets (HFD) are linked to increased intestinal permeability and systemic inflammation.
  • HFD can induce jejunal expression of mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (HMGCS), a key enzyme in ketone body synthesis.
  • The role of intestinal ketogenesis and ketone bodies in regulating gut barrier function is largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of HFD versus high-carbohydrate diet on intestinal inflammation, nutrient sensing, and permeability in humans.
  • To explore the hypothesis that ketone bodies regulate intestinal barrier function, potentially via tight junction proteins.

Main Methods:

  • Human study: 15 healthy volunteers on 2-week HFD vs. high-carbohydrate diet, assessing inflammation markers and endotoxemia.
  • Jejunal biopsies analyzed for protein expression (Western blotting, immunohistochemistry) and tight junction morphology (electron microscopy).
  • In vitro/ex vivo studies: Caco-2 cells, mice, and human enteroids used to analyze permeability and ketogenesis using Ussing chambers.

Main Results:

  • No significant differences in inflammation markers or postprandial endotoxemia between diets in humans.
  • In vitro/ex vivo: Ketone bodies showed negative feedback on HMGCS via PPARα and influenced intestinal mucosal permeability.
  • In vivo human study: No changes in tight junction proteins or permeability observed; ketone body inhibition increased mucosal resistance.

Conclusions:

  • While ketone bodies can modulate intestinal cells in vitro/ex vivo, a 2-week HFD did not increase intestinal permeability in healthy humans.
  • The healthy human gut appears capable of adapting to macronutrient extremes and increased endogenous ketone bodies.
  • Factors beyond diet composition are likely necessary to induce increased intestinal permeability in vivo.