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Related Concept Videos

Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers01:51

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Retroviruses are RNA viruses that have been shown to cause cancers in diverse species, including chickens, mice, cats, and monkeys. The RNA genomes of these viruses are first reverse-transcribed into single and then double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) copies. This dsDNA called proviral DNA then integrates into the host genome. Subsequently, the host cell transcribes the proviral DNA in concert with the chromosomal DNA. This leads to the production of viral RNA and proteins that assemble at the host...
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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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LTR Retrotransposons03:08

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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
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Interferon-Stimulated Genes that Target Retrovirus Translation.

Niklas Jäger1,2, Stefan Pöhlmann1,2, Marina V Rodnina3

  • 1Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.

Viruses
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Interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) are key antiviral proteins. This study details how specific ISGs, like Schlafen, ZAP, and PKR, inhibit retroviral replication by blocking essential translation steps.

Keywords:
HIV-1PKRSchlafenShiftlessZAPinterferon-stimulated genesretrovirus

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The innate immune system provides the first defense against viral infections.
  • Interferon (IFN) signaling activates interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) that restrict viral replication.
  • Retroviruses, including HIV and HTLV, cause significant human diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review ISGs that inhibit retroviral mRNA translation and propagation.
  • To discuss the mechanisms employed by these ISGs.
  • To explore potential therapeutic strategies targeting these antiviral mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of ISGs targeting retroviral translation.
  • Analysis of mechanisms of action for Schlafen, Zinc Finger Antiviral Protein (ZAP), RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR), and Shiftless.
  • Discussion of common antiviral strategies and therapeutic potential.

Main Results:

  • Schlafen proteins degrade tRNAs and rRNAs, hindering translation.
  • ZAP and PKR inhibit translation initiation factors.
  • Shiftless disrupts translation recoding necessary for retroviral enzyme expression.

Conclusions:

  • ISGs employ diverse mechanisms to inhibit retroviral translation.
  • Understanding these mechanisms can inform the development of novel antiretroviral therapies.