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Needle insertion mechanics are not fully understood. This study reveals that material toughness increases with insertion velocity, indicating tissue stiffening at high speeds.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Materials Science
  • Medical Device Engineering

Background:

  • Needle and microneedle insertions are crucial for medical applications like drug delivery and biosensing.
  • The mechanical behavior of needle insertions, particularly at high velocities, remains poorly understood.
  • Existing methods for analyzing needle insertion forces may not fully capture complex material interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanical process of hollow needle insertion into silicone at varying velocities (0.1 mm/s to 2.3 m/s).
  • To develop an advanced method for decomposing insertion forces into distinct components (deflection, friction/spreading, cutting).
  • To determine the strain-rate dependence of material fracture properties, such as toughness.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a double-insertion technique on transparent silicone samples.
  • Employed imaging, image analysis, and force measurements to quantify insertion forces.
  • Developed a novel method to separate force components: deflection (Fd), friction/spreading (Ff + Fs), and cutting (Ft).

Main Results:

  • Material toughness (Γ) was found to increase with needle insertion velocity.
  • The calculated toughness values align with those reported in existing literature for similar materials.
  • Other mechanical parameters, including critical force (Fc) and work (Wc), also demonstrated strain-rate dependence.

Conclusions:

  • Needle insertion forces and resulting material properties are velocity-dependent.
  • High-speed insertions lead to increased material toughness and suggest tissue stiffening due to accumulated strain energy.
  • The developed force decomposition method provides a more accurate understanding of needle-tissue interactions.