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Related Concept Videos

Newman Projections02:06

Newman Projections

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Different notations are used to represent the three-dimensional structure of molecules on two-dimensional surfaces. One of the most commonly used representations is the dash-wedge formula. The dashed wedges, solid wedges, and the plane lines indicate the groups situated behind the plane, coming out of the plane, and in the plane, respectively.
The organic molecules rotate across the single bonds leading to numerous temporary three-dimensional structures of varying energy known as...
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Protein Organization01:24

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Proteins are polymers of amino acid residues. They are versatile and responsible for different cellular functions, including DNA replication, molecular transport, catalysis, and structural support. Proteins have a hierarchical structure comprising at least three levels of organization: primary, secondary, and tertiary structure. Some large proteins have a quaternary structure where individual protein subunits are linked together.
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Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction01:07

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Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be used to determine the 3D structure of biological samples with the help of techniques such as electron microscope tomography and single-particle reconstruction. While single-particle reconstruction can examine macromolecules and macromolecular complexes in vitro conditions only, tomography permits the study of cell components or small cells in vivo.
Electron Tomography
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Two-Dimensional (2D) NMR: Overview01:12

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The 1D NMR spectrum of large and complex molecules like natural products has complicated splitting patterns and overlapping signals, which can be easily interpreted using 2-dimensional (2D) NMR. Unlike 1D NMR, 2D NMR has two frequency axes that provide the coupling information between the nucleus A and nucleus B in a molecule. The process from which 2D spectra are obtained has four steps.
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Protein and Protein Structure02:15

Protein and Protein Structure

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Proteins are one of the most abundant organic molecules in living systems and have the most diverse range of functions of all macromolecules. Proteins may be structural, regulatory, contractile, or protective. They may serve in transport, storage, or membranes; or they may be toxins or enzymes. Their structures, like their functions, vary greatly. They are all, however, amino acid polymers arranged in a linear sequence.
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Fischer Projections02:18

Fischer Projections

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Learning to draw Fischer projections of molecules and understanding their relevance plays a crucial role in the visual depiction of organic molecules. A Fischer projection is a two-dimensional projection on a planar surface to simplify the three-dimensional wedge–dash representation of molecules. This is especially helpful in the case of molecules with multiple chiral centers that can be difficult to draw. Here, all the bonds of interest are represented as horizontal or vertical lines.
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Updated: Jun 22, 2025

Analyzing and Building Nucleic Acid Structures with 3DNA
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RNA structure determination: From 2D to 3D.

Jie Deng1, Xianyang Fang2,3, Lin Huang1

  • 1Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.

Fundamental Research
|June 27, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review covers advances in RNA structure analysis, detailing methods like X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy for understanding RNA

Keywords:
Cryo-electron microscopyNuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopyRNA structureRNA structure probingSmall angle X-ray scatteringX-ray crystallography

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Structural Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • RNA molecules perform diverse functions tied to their structures.
  • Basic RNA structures include single- and double-stranded regions.
  • Higher-order RNA structures enable advanced functions like catalysis and ligand binding.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in RNA structure analysis techniques.
  • To discuss challenges and solutions in RNA structure determination.
  • To survey recently determined important RNA structures.

Main Methods:

  • Structural probing methods
  • X-ray crystallography
  • Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
  • Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM)
  • Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS)

Main Results:

  • Integrated analysis often combines multiple techniques.
  • Recent studies have determined various important RNA structures.
  • Technological progress has improved RNA structure analysis.

Conclusions:

  • Advancements in structural biology techniques have enhanced RNA structure analysis.
  • A combination of methods is frequently used for comprehensive RNA structure determination.
  • Understanding RNA structure is crucial for elucidating its diverse functions.