Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Echocardiographic Evaluation of Atrial Communications before Transcatheter Closure
Published on: February 8, 2022
A Case of Infective Endocarditis in a Middle-Aged Patient With Trisomy 21 and an Incidentally Discovered Patent
Sinead N Bhagwandeen1, Girma M Ayele1, Amoafo D Boampong1
1Internal Medicine, Howard University Hospital, Washington, USA.
Abstract:
Trisomy 21 often leads to cardiac complications, usually associated with congenital heart disease, such as atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, and patent ductus arteriosus. This case describes an unexpected instance of infective endocarditis (IE) in a middle-aged patient with an incidentally discovered patent foramen ovale (PFO). The common risk factors for IE include previous valve surgery, artificial heart valves, pacemakers, prior IE, congenital defects like bicuspid aortic valve, IV drug use, and the congenital defects mentioned earlier.
Related Concept Videos
Mitral Valve Prolapse I: Introduction
Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction
Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction
Mitral Stenosis II: Clinical features and Diagnostic Tests
Endocarditis I: Introduction
Endocarditis II: Clinical Features of Infective Endocarditis

