Equilibrium Moisture Mediated Esterification Reaction to Achieve Over 100% Lignocellulosic Nanofibrils Yield

Lignocellulosic nanofibrils (LCNFs) isolation is recognized as an efficient strategy for maximizing biomass utilization. Nevertheless, achieving a 100% yield presents a formidable challenge. Here, an esterification strategy mediated by the equilibrium moisture in biomass is proposed for LCNFs preparation without the use of catalysts, resulting in a yield exceeding 100%. Different from anhydrous chemical thermomechanical pulp (CTMP_0%), the presence of moisture (moisture content of 7 wt%, denoted as CTMP_7%) introduces a notably distinct process for the pretreatment of CTMP, comprising the initial disintegration and the post-esterification steps. The maleic acid, generated through maleic anhydride (MA) hydrolysis, degrades the recalcitrant lignin-carbohydrate complex (LCC) structures, resulting in esterified CTMP_7% (E-CTMP_7%). The highly grafted esters compensate for the mass loss resulting from the partial removal of hydrolyzed lignin and hemicellulose, ensuring a high yield. Following microfluidization, favorable LCNF_7% with a high yield (114.4 ± 3.0%) and a high charge content (1.74 ± 0.09 mmol g^-1) can be easily produced, surpassing most previous records for LCNFs. Additionally, LCNF_7% presented highly processability for filaments, films, and 3D honeycomb structures preparation. These findings provide valuable insights and guidance for achieving a high yield in the isolation of LCNFs from biomass through the mediation of equilibrium moisture.