Lung Transcriptomics Link Emphysema to Barrier Dysfunction and Macrophage Subpopulations

Rationale: Although many studies have examined gene expression in lung tissue, the gene regulatory processes underlying emphysema are still not well understood. Finding efficient nonimaging screening methods and disease-modifying therapies has been challenging, but knowledge of the transcriptomic features of emphysema may help in this effort. Objectives: Our goals were to identify emphysema-associated biological pathways through transcriptomic analysis of bulk lung tissue, to determine the lung cell types in which these emphysema-associated pathways are altered, and to detect unique and overlapping transcriptomic signatures in blood and lung samples. Methods: Using RNA-sequencing data from 446 samples in the Lung Tissue Research Consortium and 3,606 blood samples from the COPDGene study, we examined the transcriptomic features of chest computed tomography-quantified emphysema. We also leveraged publicly available lung single-cell RNA-sequencing data to identify cell types showing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-associated differential expression of the emphysema pathways found in the bulk analyses. Measurements and Main Results: In the bulk lung RNA-sequencing analysis, 1,087 differentially expressed genes and 34 dysregulated pathways were significantly associated with emphysema. We observed alternative splicing of several genes and increased activity in pluripotency and cell barrier function pathways. Lung tissue and blood samples shared differentially expressed genes and biological pathways. Multiple lung cell types displayed dysregulation of epithelial barrier function pathways, and distinct pathway activities were observed among various macrophage subpopulations. Conclusions: This study identified emphysema-related changes in gene expression and alternative splicing, cell type-specific dysregulated pathways, and instances of shared pathway dysregulation between blood and lung.