Biomolecular condensates as drivers of membrane trafficking and remodelling

Membrane remodelling is essential for the trafficking of macromolecules throughout the cell, a process that regulates various aspects of cellular health and pathology. Recent studies implicate the role of biomolecular condensates in regulating multiple steps of the membrane trafficking pathway including but not limited to the organization of the trafficking machinery, dynamic remodeling of membranes, spatial and functional regulation, and response to cellular signals. The implicated proteins contain key structural elements, most notably prion-like domains within intrinsically disordered regions that are necessary for biomolecular condensate formation at fusion sites in processes like endocytic assembly, autophagy, organelle biosynthesis and synaptic vesicle fusion. Experimental and theoretical advances in the field continue to demonstrate that protein condensates can perform mechanical work, the implications of which can be extrapolated to diverse areas of membrane biology.