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Related Concept Videos

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

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Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes02:35

Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes

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The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

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The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)00:53

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)

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Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization or ADMET polymerization involves cross-metathesis of terminal dienes, such as 1,8-nonadiene, to give linear unsaturated polymer and ethylene. As ADMET is a reversible process, the formed ethylene gas must be removed from the reaction mixture to complete the polymerization process.
Similar to cross-metathesis, ADMET also involves the formation of metallacyclobutane intermediate by [2+2] cycloaddition of one of the double bonds of a terminal diene with...
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Updated: Jun 22, 2025

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst
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Mechanochemical Controlled Radical Polymerization: From Harsh to Mild.

Haoyang Feng1, Xiaoyang Shao1, Zhenhua Wang1

  • 1Northwestern Polytechnical University, Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) & Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Xi'an, 710072, China.

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|June 28, 2024
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mechanochemistry uses mechanical force for chemical synthesis, offering a green alternative to traditional methods. Recent advances in controlled radical polymerization enable precise polymer synthesis under mild conditions.

Keywords:
Contact electrificationControlled radical polymerizationMechanochemistryPiezoelectricitySonochemistry

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Area of Science:

  • Chemistry
  • Material Science
  • Polymer Science

Background:

  • Mechanochemistry investigates chemical changes induced by mechanical force.
  • It offers solvent-free synthesis routes and green chemistry alternatives.
  • It is an emerging field alongside electrochemistry, photochemistry, and thermochemistry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in mechanochemistry for controlled radical polymerization.
  • To clarify the historical development of mechanochemistry in polymer science.
  • To highlight new synthetic routes for polymers.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing mechanical force for chemical transformations.
  • Employing sonochemistry, piezoelectricity, and contact electrification for polymerization.
  • Developing mild mechanochemical routes for controlled polymerization.

Main Results:

  • Successful synthesis of polymers with high molecular weight.
  • Precise control over polymer chain length and structure achieved.
  • Demonstrated improved controllability in mechanochemical polymerization.

Conclusions:

  • Mechanochemistry provides novel pathways for polymer synthesis.
  • Advancements in mechanochemical techniques enhance control over polymerization.
  • This field offers a greener and more efficient approach to polymer science.