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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

19.0K
Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
19.0K
Fault Types01:18

Fault Types

84
When analyzing a single line-to-ground fault from phase A to ground at a three-phase bus, it is important to consider the fault impedance. This impedance is zero for a bolted fault, equal to the arc impedance for an arcing fault, and represents the total fault impedance for a transmission-line insulator flashover. To derive sequence and phase currents, fault conditions are translated from the phase domain to the sequence domain.
For line-to-line faults occurring between phases B and C, the...
84
Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

5.8K
The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
5.8K
Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

17.1K
Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
17.1K
Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

40.5K
A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
40.5K
Third Law of Thermodynamics02:38

Third Law of Thermodynamics

18.8K
A pure, perfectly crystalline solid possessing no kinetic energy (that is, at a temperature of absolute zero, 0 K) may be described by a single microstate, as its purity, perfect crystallinity,and complete lack of motion means there is but one possible location for each identical atom or molecule comprising the crystal (W = 1). According to the Boltzmann equation, the entropy of this system is zero.
18.8K

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Topological Defect Formation in a Phase Transition with Tunable Order.

Fumika Suzuki1,2, Wojciech H Zurek1

  • 1Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA.

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|July 1, 2024
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Kibble-Zurek mechanism (KZM) can predict topological defect formation in tunable phase transitions, bridging second and first-order transitions by combining KZM with nucleation theory.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Cosmology
  • Non-equilibrium dynamics

Background:

  • The Kibble-Zurek mechanism (KZM) explains topological defect formation during second-order phase transitions.
  • KZM is typically unsuitable for first-order phase transitions.
  • Fluctuations can induce weakly first-order characteristics in transitions usually classified as second order.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore quench-induced topological defect formation in tunable phase transitions.
  • To propose a predictive framework for defect density in these transitions.

Main Methods:

  • Combining the Kibble-Zurek mechanism with nucleation theory.
  • Analyzing systems with tunable phase transition orders.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that the order of phase transitions can be tuned.
  • Proposed a method to predict topological defect density in tunable transitions.

Conclusions:

  • The Kibble-Zurek mechanism, augmented with nucleation theory, offers a framework for understanding defect formation in tunable first- and second-order phase transitions.