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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2025

Behavioral Assessment of Visual Function via Optomotor Response and Cognitive Function via Y-Maze in Diabetic Rats
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Olfactory dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

A Cardella1, A Ferrulli2, S Vujosevic3

  • 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology, IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.

Rhinology
|July 1, 2024
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Summary

Diabetic complications significantly increase olfactory dysfunction (OD) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. Poor glycemic control, LDL, age, and macrovascular issues are key predictors of OD in T2DM.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Neurology
  • Ophthalmology

Background:

  • Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is increasingly recognized in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
  • The relationship between OD and diabetic complications requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the prevalence of OD in T2DM patients.
  • To analyze the association between OD and the presence of diabetic complications.

Main Methods:

  • 130 T2DM patients and 100 controls were assessed using the Extended Smell Test (TDI) and the Italian brief Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders (Brief-IT-QOD).
  • T2DM patients were stratified into groups based on the presence or absence of complications.
  • Machine learning algorithms were employed to identify predictors of OD.

Main Results:

  • OD prevalence was significantly higher in T2DM patients with complications (71.4%) compared to those without (43.3%) and controls (30%).
  • Key predictors for OD in T2DM included LDL, glycated hemoglobin, macrovascular complications, and age.
  • A nomogram was developed for predicting OD risk in T2DM patients.

Conclusions:

  • Diabetic complications are associated with a higher prevalence of OD in T2DM.
  • Poor glycemic control, elevated LDL, advanced age, and macrovascular complications are significant factors contributing to OD in T2DM.