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Related Concept Videos

Phase II Conjugation Reactions: Overview01:14

Phase II Conjugation Reactions: Overview

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Conjugation, a key component of phase II biotransformation reactions, is a vital process in drug detoxification. It involves transferring endogenous substances like glucuronic acid, sulfate, and glycine to drugs or their metabolites formed in phase I reactions. These conjugation reactions, often catalyzed by specific enzymes, transform potentially harmful metabolites into inactive, water-soluble forms easily excreted in urine or bile. By enhancing polarity and eliminating pharmacological...
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Drug-Receptor Bonds01:25

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Drug-receptor bonds are formed through various chemical forces when drugs interact with target cells. Covalent bonds, strong and irreversible, are exemplified by DNA-alkylating anticancer agents that inhibit cell division. However, such irreversible drug binding lacks selectivity and can modify the DNA of the surrounding healthy cells. Covalent binding often contributes to tissue toxicity, as seen with chloroform and paracetamol metabolites binding to the liver, causing hepatotoxicity.
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Drug Metabolism: Phase II Reactions01:14

Drug Metabolism: Phase II Reactions

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Phase II reactions are essential for the detoxification and elimination of drugs from the body. These reactions involve the conjugation of parent drugs or their phase I metabolites with endogenous molecules, resulting in more hydrophilic drug conjugates. The primary conjugation reactions in this phase are sulfation and glucuronidation. Both sulfation and glucuronidation typically produce biologically inactive metabolites. However, in some cases involving prodrugs, active metabolites may be...
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Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine02:50

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Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
The combination of the drug acetazolamide and sulforaphane is a good example of combination therapy to treat cancer. The cells in the interior of a large tumor often die due to the hypoxic and...
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Cellular Membranes and Drug Transport01:24

Cellular Membranes and Drug Transport

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Drugs must traverse multiple biological barriers, such as multi-layered skin, single-layered intestinal epithelium, and the plasma membrane, to reach their target sites within the body. The plasma membrane, a highly structured composite of phospholipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, is the cell's protective boundary, facilitating selective substance exchange.
Phospholipids arrange themselves into a bilayer, with hydrophilic heads oriented outward and hydrophobic tails facing inward.
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Targets for Drug Action: Overview01:26

Targets for Drug Action: Overview

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Drugs target macromolecules to modify ongoing cellular processes. Primary drug targets include receptors, ion channels, transporters, and enzymes.
Receptors are either membrane-spanning or intracellular proteins, which upon binding a ligand, get activated and transmit the signal downstream to elicit a response. Drugs bind receptors, either mimicking the action of endogenous ligands or blocking the receptor activity to bring about a modified response. Nearly 35% of approved drugs target the G...
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Chemical Conjugation of a Purified DEC-205-Directed Antibody with Full-Length Protein for Targeting Mouse Dendritic Cells In Vitro and In Vivo
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Cell-drug conjugates.

Yanfang Wang1,2, Jiaqi Shi1,2, Minhang Xin1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.

Nature Biomedical Engineering
|July 1, 2024
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cell-drug conjugates combine living cells and therapeutics for advanced drug delivery and therapy. This review explores their design, preparation, and applications in treating diseases like cancer.

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Pharmacology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Cell-drug conjugates merge cellular components with therapeutic agents.
  • These conjugates offer enhanced functionalities for drug delivery and therapeutic applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review strategies for designing functional cell-drug conjugates.
  • To discuss preparation techniques and applications in disease treatment.
  • To explore translational challenges and opportunities for these systems.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on cell-drug conjugate design and preparation.
  • Analysis of studies detailing applications in cancer and autoimmune disease treatment.
  • Examination of translational aspects and future prospects.

Main Results:

  • Cell-drug conjugates can be engineered for specific functions like targeted delivery and immune evasion.
  • They show potential in treating various pathologies, including cancers and autoimmune diseases.
  • Design strategies and preparation methods are advancing rapidly.

Conclusions:

  • Cell-drug conjugates represent a promising therapeutic and drug delivery platform.
  • Further research and development are needed to overcome translational challenges.
  • This approach holds significant potential for treating complex diseases.