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Related Concept Videos

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

Introduction to the Human Microbiota

Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity, and disease...
The Oral Microbiota01:27

The Oral Microbiota

The oral microbiome includes a complex ecosystem comprising over 700 microbial species, identified through genomic sequencing and culture-based analyses to date. This community includes a core microbiome, found universally among individuals, and a variable component influenced by environmental factors such as diet, lifestyle, and host genetics. Site-specific conditions, including oxygen gradients, pH levels, and nutrient availability, determine the spatial distribution of these microorganisms...
Functions of the Gut Microbiota01:18

Functions of the Gut Microbiota

The gut microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. This complex ecosystem plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal and systemic health. Most of these microbes inhabit the large intestine, establishing a relatively stable and diverse community that contributes to gut homeostasis through various metabolic, immunological, and protective mechanisms.Dominant bacterial phyla, such as...
Human Virome01:26

Human Virome

The human body harbors a vast and diverse viral community known as the human virome. The virome includes bacteriophages that infect bacteria, and eukaryotic viruses that infect human cells. Transient dietary and environmental viruses also contribute to this dynamic ecosystem. Estimates suggest the human body may contain on the order of 10¹³ viral particles, though abundance varies widely by body site and detection method.Comprehensive characterization of the virome has become possible only with...
Microbiota Modulation by Antibiotics01:21

Microbiota Modulation by Antibiotics

Antibiotics have revolutionized modern medicine by saving countless lives from bacterial infections. However, their widespread use has inadvertently harmed the delicate balance of the human gut microbiota. The gut microbiota, a complex community of bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi, plays a vital role in regulating metabolism, immune responses, and maintaining intestinal health. Antibiotics, especially broad-spectrum types, disrupt this ecosystem by eradicating both harmful and beneficial...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
11:22

Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing

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Integrating functional metagenomics to decipher microbiome-immune interactions.

Puspendu Sardar1,2, Alexandre Almeida3, Virginia A Pedicord1,2

  • 1Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge, UK.

Immunology and Cell Biology
|July 2, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Microbial metabolites act as immune signals, but studies often overlook gut microbiome functions. Functional metagenomics, especially shotgun sequencing, reveals these functions, enhancing our understanding of microbiome-immune interactions in health and disease.

Keywords:
BioinformaticsFunctional metagenomicsImmunologyMicrobiome

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiome research
  • Immunology
  • Metagenomics

Background:

  • Gut microbial metabolites function similarly to cytokines, modulating immune responses.
  • Current immunology studies often focus on microbial taxonomy rather than function.
  • Traditional microbiota profiling relies on limited genomic regions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review advances in functional metagenomics methods and applications.
  • To highlight the importance of functional microbiome analysis in immunology.
  • To identify future research directions for microbiome-immune interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature on functional metagenomics.
  • Discussion of shotgun metagenomic sequencing for microbiome function profiling.
  • Analysis of applications in immunology research.

Main Results:

  • Functional metagenomics enables culture-independent profiling of microbiome functions and metabolites.
  • Shotgun metagenomic sequencing offers a comprehensive view beyond taxonomy.
  • Advances in methods are expanding the scope of microbiome research.

Conclusions:

  • Integrating functional metagenomics is crucial for understanding microbiome-immune crosstalk.
  • This approach can deepen mechanistic insights into health and disease.
  • Future developments in functional metagenomics will further advance immunology research.