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Related Concept Videos

Exercise and Muscle Performance01:27

Exercise and Muscle Performance

Exercise induces a range of adaptations in muscle tissue, depending on the type and duration of activity. Such physical training can be broadly categorized into two types: endurance exercises and resistance exercises.
Endurance exercises
Endurance exercises involve running, swimming, or cycling, which require repetitive movements with low force output. When a person engages in endurance exercise, a few noticeable changes occur in their skeletal muscles. For instance, the number of capillaries...
Axial and Appendicular Muscles01:18

Axial and Appendicular Muscles

Skeletal muscles, the key players in our body's movement, can be classified into two groups based on their location and function: axial muscles and appendicular muscles. These classifications reflect the primary roles the muscles play in the body's structure and movement.
Axial Muscles
Axial muscles, situated along the body's midline, are intricately connected to the axial skeleton, which includes the skull, spine, ribs, and sternum. These muscles facilitate facial expressions and play a...
Muscles of the Thorax01:25

Muscles of the Thorax

The thorax muscles are central to the body's respiration and provide essential support and movement for the upper body. They are intricately designed to facilitate the complex breathing process while also contributing to the structural integrity and mobility of the chest and upper limbs.
The diaphragm is at the core of thoracic musculature, the primary muscle involved in breathing. This expansive, dome-shaped muscle marks the division between the thoracic and abdominal cavities. It originates...
Muscles of the Abdomen01:21

Muscles of the Abdomen

The abdominal wall encircles the abdominal cavity, providing flexible protection and shielding the internal organs from harm. It is bordered at the top by the xiphoid process and costal margins, at the back by the vertebral column, and at the bottom by the pelvic bones and inguinal ligament. The abdominal wall is divided into two regions — the anterolateral and posterior regions.
Anterolateral Region
The anterolateral region comprises five paired muscles classified into the lateral and anterior...
Assessment of the Abdomen III: Palpation01:23

Assessment of the Abdomen III: Palpation

Palpation is a crucial tactile examination method for assessing abdominal organs and detecting conditions like tenderness, distention, masses, or fluid. It involves both light and deep palpation techniques, each serving specific diagnostic purposes. Light palpation helps identify tenderness and other surface-level indicators, while deep palpation locates and assess abdominal masses and organ boundaries. A skilled professional can gather valuable insights through palpation, including evaluating...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Muscle Function Obtained with Motion Mode Ultrasound and Surface Electromyography during Core Endurance Exercise
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Analyzing muscle thickness changes in lateral abdominal muscles while exercising using virtual reality.

Masashi Kitano1,2, Masami Nakamoto3,4, Kengo Kawanishi3,4

  • 1Graduate School of Health Science, Morinomiya University of Medical Science, Japan.

Journal of Physical Therapy Science
|July 2, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Virtual reality rehabilitation exercises significantly enhanced transversus abdominis (TrA) activation compared to real-space exercises. This finding highlights VR

Keywords:
Biomechanical phenomenaExerciseVirtual reality

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Area of Science:

  • Rehabilitation Medicine
  • Biomechanics
  • Virtual Reality Technology

Background:

  • Virtual reality (VR) rehabilitation is increasingly utilized in medicine.
  • VR-guided exercises (VR-ge) show promise for improving gait and trunk control.
  • Trunk muscle activation, especially the transversus abdominis (TrA), is key to these improvements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate differences in trunk muscle activation between VR and real-space exercises.
  • To clarify the impact of VR-guided exercises on transversus abdominis (TrA) activation.

Main Methods:

  • 22 healthy males participated, split into VR-guided exercise (VR-ge) and control exercise (C-e) groups.
  • Ultrasound imaging measured trunk muscle (external oblique, internal oblique, TrA) thickness at rest and during reaching exercises.
  • Exercises were performed in six directions in both VR and real-space conditions.

Main Results:

  • No significant pre-intervention differences in TrA muscle thickness changes were found.
  • Post-intervention, the VR-ge group exhibited significantly greater TrA muscle thickness changes during reaching tasks.
  • This indicates enhanced TrA activation in the VR-ge group.

Conclusions:

  • VR-guided exercises can lead to greater transversus abdominis (TrA) activation during reaching tasks compared to traditional real-space exercises.
  • This suggests VR may offer a more effective approach for enhancing trunk muscle engagement in rehabilitation.