Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 22, 2025
Objectively Assessing Sports Concussion Utilizing Visual Evoked Potentials
Published on: April 27, 2021
The Diagnostic Utility of Cervical Spine Proprioception for Adolescent Concussion
Katherine L Smulligan1,2, Samantha N Magliato1,2, Carson L Keeter1
1Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.
Objective:
Cervical spine proprioception may be impaired after concussion. Our objective was to determine the diagnostic utility of cervical spine proprioception for adolescent concussion.
Design:
Cross-sectional.
Setting:
Research laboratory.
Participants:
Adolescents ≤18 days of concussion and uninjured controls.
Interventions:
N/A.
Main Outcomes:
Head repositioning accuracy (HRA) testing, a measure of cervical spine proprioception. The HRA test involved patients relocating their head back to a neutral starting position with eyes closed after maximal cervical spine flexion, extension, and right and left rotations. The overall HRA error score was the mean error (distance from the starting point to self-reported return to neutral) across 12 trials: 3 trials in each direction. We used t -tests to compare group means and logistic regression (outcome = group, predictor = HRA, covariates) to calculate odds ratios. We used a receiver operator characteristic curve to evaluate area under the curve (AUC) and calculate the optimal HRA cutpoint to distinguish concussion from controls.
Results:
We enrolled and tested 46 participants with concussion (age = 15.8 ± 1.3 years, 59% female, mean = 11.3 ± 3.3 days postconcussion) and 83 uninjured controls (age = 16.1 ± 1.4 years, 88% female). The concussion group had significantly worse HRA than controls (4.3 ± 1.6 vs 2.9 ± 0.7 degrees, P < 0.001, Cohen d = 1.19). The univariable HRA model AUC was 0.81 (95% CI = 0.73, 0.90). After adjusting for age, sex, and concussion history, the multivariable model AUC improved to 0.85 (95% CI = 0.77, 0.92). The model correctly classified 80% of participants as concussion/control at a 3.5-degree cutpoint.
Conclusions:
Adolescents with concussion demonstrated worse cervical spine proprioception than uninjured controls. Head repositioning accuracy may offer diagnostic utility for subacute concussion.
