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Updated: Jun 22, 2025

A Rapidly Incremented Tethered-Swimming Maximal Protocol for Cardiorespiratory Assessment of Swimmers
Published on: January 28, 2020
Apnea or normal breathing during repeated high-intensity swimming enhance sprint efficiency and which metabolic
Pinelopi Liapaki1, Helen Soultanakis2, Ioannis Kalomenidis3
1Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece - popiliapaki@gmail.com.
Background:
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of normal breath and apnea swimming on acid-base balance, physiological responses and performance during high-intensity interval training in swimming.
Methods:
Sixteen swimmers completed 6×50 m intervals of freestyle swimming with normal breath and apnea at maximum intensity, with 1 minute rest. Capillary blood gases (pH, PCO
Results:
Our study showed uncompensated metabolic acidosis due to increased lactic acidosis in both breathing conditions, more pronounced in apnea, and faster swimming times in apnea without different heart rate responses.
Conclusions:
Apnea during repetitive high intensity long distance interval 50 m freestyle swimming causes uncompensated metabolic acidosis but improves sprint performance.
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