Diversity of group 1 innate lymphoid cells in human tissues

Group 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILC1s) are cytotoxic and interferon gamma-producing lymphocytes lacking antigen-specific receptors, which include ILC1s and natural killer (NK) cells. In mice, ILC1s differ from NK cells, as they develop independently of the NK-specifying transcription factor EOMES, while requiring the repressor ZFP683 (ZNF683 in humans) for tissue residency. Here we identify highly variable ILC1 subtypes across tissues through investigation of human ILC1 diversity by single-cell RNA sequencing and flow cytometry. The intestinal epithelium contained abundant mature EOMES^- ILC1s expressing PRDM1 rather than ZNF683, alongside a few immature TCF7⁺PRDM1^- ILC1s. Other tissues harbored NK cells expressing ZNF683 and EOMES transcripts; however, EOMES protein content was variable. These ZNF683⁺ NK cells are tissue-imprinted NK cells phenotypically resembling ILC1s. The tissue ILC1-NK spectrum also encompassed conventional NK cells and NK cells distinguished by PTGDS expression. These findings establish a foundation for evaluating phenotypic and functional changes within the NK-ILC1 spectrum in diseases.