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Animal Mitochondrial Genetics

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Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2025

Analysis of Brain Mitochondria Using Serial Block-Face Scanning Electron Microscopy

Analysis of Brain Mitochondria Using Serial Block-Face Scanning Electron Microscopy

Published on: July 9, 2016

Sex-dependent differences in macaque brain mitochondria.

Ivan Guerrero¹, Belem Yoval-Sánchez¹, Csaba Konrad¹

¹Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 East 61st Street, New York, NY 10065, USA.

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. Bioenergetics

|July 3, 2024

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Male macaque brains show higher mitochondrial complex I and II activity than females. These findings highlight sex-based differences in brain mitochondrial function, warranting further human studies.

Keywords:

ATPase Cytochrome c oxidase Mitochondria Mitochondrial complex I NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase Primates Sex Succinate dehydrogenase TCA cycle α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

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Last Updated: Jun 22, 2025

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Dissecting the Non-human Primate Brain in Stereotaxic Space

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Published on: July 16, 2009

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Mitochondrial Biology
Comparative Physiology

Background:

Mitochondrial bioenergetics differ between sexes.
Sex-based differences in brain mitochondrial enzymes, particularly oxidative phosphorylation, are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate sex-related differences in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation enzymes in macaque brains.
To compare the content and activity of key mitochondrial complexes between male and female macaques.

Main Methods:

Cerebral tissues from male and female macaques (Macaca mulatta) were analyzed.
Characterization of mitochondrial complexes, including Complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) and Complex II (succinate dehydrogenase).
Assays for α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, cytochrome c oxidase, and F1Fo ATPase activity and content.

Main Results:

Male macaques exhibited higher content and activity of mitochondrial Complex I compared to females.
Male macaques showed significantly higher activity of Complex II than females.
No significant sex differences were observed in α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase content or in the activities of cytochrome c oxidase and F1Fo ATPase.

Conclusions:

Macaque brain mitochondria display sex-specific differences in specific oxidative phosphorylation enzymes.
Elevated Complex I and II activity in males suggests potential sex-based variations in brain energy metabolism.
Further research is needed to explore these sex-related mitochondrial differences in the human brain.