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Related Concept Videos

Fractures: Bone Repair01:27

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Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the...
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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2025

Fracture Apparatus Design and Protocol Optimization for Closed-stabilized Fractures in Rodents
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Race-specific FRAX models are evidence-based and support equitable care: a response to the ASBMR Task Force report on

John A Kanis1,2, Nicholas C Harvey3,4, Mattias Lorentzon5,6

  • 1Mary McKillop Institute for Health Research, Catholic University, AustralianMelbourne, Australia. w.j.pontefract@shef.ac.uk.

Osteoporosis International : a Journal Established As Result of Cooperation Between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA
|July 3, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Race- and ethnicity-specific FRAX® fracture risk models are recommended for the US to prevent discrimination against Black, Asian, and Hispanic communities. A fixed bone mineral density threshold also unfairly discriminates against these populations.

Keywords:
FRAX adjustmentFracture probabilityRace and ethnicityRacism

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Area of Science:

  • Bone Health and Osteoporosis Research
  • Clinical Epidemiology
  • Health Equity

Background:

  • The American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR) proposed removing race/ethnicity adjustments from US FRAX® models.
  • This proposal could lead to inequitable fracture risk assessment and treatment decisions.
  • Existing FRAX® models utilize race and ethnicity to refine fracture risk prediction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the impact of race- and ethnicity-agnostic fracture risk algorithms on diverse US populations.
  • To advocate for the continued use and improvement of race- and ethnicity-specific FRAX® models.
  • To address the discriminatory potential of fixed bone mineral density intervention thresholds.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of the implications of removing race and ethnicity adjustments in fracture risk algorithms.
  • Review of the discriminatory effects of fixed bone mineral density thresholds.
  • Position statement development based on epidemiological and quality of life considerations.

Main Results:

  • A race- and ethnicity-agnostic FRAX® model in the US would unfairly discriminate against Black, Asian, and Hispanic individuals.
  • Fixed bone mineral density intervention thresholds also demonstrate discriminatory bias against these same communities.
  • Updated data on fracture and death hazards are needed for race- and ethnicity-specific models.

Conclusions:

  • Retention of race- and ethnicity-specific FRAX® models is crucial for equitable fracture risk assessment in the US.
  • Intervention strategies should avoid fixed bone mineral density thresholds that disadvantage minority groups.
  • Endorsement by the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF) and ESCEO underscores the importance of these findings for global osteoporosis management.