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CNS Stimulants: Psychedelic Agents01:22

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Hallucinogens, also known as psychedelic drugs, are a class of substances known for their ability to alter perception, cognition, and emotions. Despite their profound effects on the mind, these drugs are non-addictive, setting them apart from many other abused substances. The mechanism of action of these drugs lies in their impact on the 5-HT2A receptor in the brain. Upon activation, this receptor couples to Gq-type G proteins, triggering a cascade that releases intracellular calcium. This...
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Hallucinogens are psychoactive substances that profoundly alter perceptual experiences, generating unreal visual and sensory images. Often referred to as psychedelic drugs — a term derived from the Greek words "psyche" (mind) and "delos" (revealing) — these substances include marijuana and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), among others. These drugs vary in intensity and effects.
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Altered states of consciousness represent significant deviations from one's normal mental state. These deviations can range from subtle changes in awareness to profound transformations in perception, thought processes, and sensory experiences. Altered states of consciousness can be triggered by various factors, including drug use, meditation, hypnosis, illness, or even intense fatigue.
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Psychoactive drugs impact brain function, influencing perception, mood, consciousness, cognition, and behavior. These substances are grouped based on their effects and the mechanisms by which they act.
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Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder whose origins are rooted in complex genetic components. Despite our burgeoning understanding, the pathophysiology of this disorder remains incompletely deciphered.
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Psychedelics in developmental stuttering to modulate brain functioning: a new therapeutic perspective?

Giuseppe Pasculli1,2, Pierpaolo Busan3, Eric S Jackson4

  • 1Department of Computer, Control, and Management Engineering (DIAG), La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
|July 4, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Psychedelics may offer new hope for developmental stuttering (DS), a speech disorder impacting quality of life. Research suggests these compounds could positively influence brain networks implicated in DS, warranting further clinical investigation.

Keywords:
default mode networkdevelopmental stutteringneuropsychopharmacologypsychedelic compoundssocial-cognitive networks

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychopharmacology
  • Speech-Language Pathology

Background:

  • Developmental stuttering (DS) is a neurodevelopmental speech-motor disorder with significant quality of life impacts and limited treatment efficacy.
  • DS is associated with anomalies in brain metabolism and default mode/social-cognitive networks (DMN/SCN), potentially involving genetic factors and basal ganglia/speech-motor regions.
  • Persistent DS often co-occurs with social anxiety and avoidance, linked to DMN/SCN dysfunction affecting speech fluency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the neurophysiological underpinnings of DS, focusing on brain metabolic and DMN/SCN anomalies.
  • To propose psychedelic compounds as a potential therapeutic avenue for DS treatment.
  • To advocate for randomized clinical trials investigating psychedelics for DS.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing research on the neurophysiology of DS.
  • Analysis of the role of brain metabolism and DMN/SCN in DS.
  • Examination of psychedelic effects on brain metabolism and DMN/SCN in other psychiatric conditions.

Main Results:

  • DS exhibits heterogeneous neural characteristics, including metabolic deficiencies and altered DMN/SCN connectivity.
  • Psychedelics can modulate brain metabolism and DMN/SCN connectivity, showing efficacy in psychiatric conditions with similar psychological constructs (e.g., social anxiety).
  • Anecdotal evidence suggests potential benefits of psychedelics for stuttering and associated symptoms.

Conclusions:

  • Psychedelics demonstrate potential as a novel treatment for developmental stuttering.
  • Further investigation through controlled clinical trials is warranted to establish the efficacy and safety of psychedelics in DS.
  • Targeting brain metabolism and DMN/SCN networks with psychedelics may alleviate stuttering and associated psychological distress.