Quantification of methane and carbon dioxide surface emissions from a metropolitan landfill based on quasi-continuous...

The Sudokwon landfill (SL) in the Seoul metropolitan area, South Korea, is among the world's largest landfills, striving to curtail landfill gas (LFG) emissions and achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. Since 2005, the SL Management Corporation (SLC) has measured LFG emissions (i.e., methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂)) using a dynamic flux chamber proposed by the US EPA. However, uncertainty prevails in validating the reduction of LFG emissions due to the limited spatiotemporal data coverage. In 2020, an eddy covariance (EC) system was installed to enhance measurements, revealing highly fluctuating LFG emissions driven by waste layer LFG production, LFG collection, and atmospheric pressure changes. During the study period, the annual CH₄ emission increased slightly from 465.0 ± 4.2 to 485.5 ± 6.4 g C m^-2, while that of CO₂ decreased by 2/3 (from 408.7 ± 16.5 to 270.6 ± 18.8 g C m^-2), primarily due to the doubled CO₂ uptake by the vegetated topsoil. Our first long-term (March 2020 to February 2022) quasi-continuous monitoring using EC (with a gap-filling and partitioning technique based on Random Forest) emphasizes the difficulty of temporal upscaling of discontinuously observed surface emissions to quantify the LFG inventory and the need for continuous observations or suitable proxies (e.g., atmospheric CH₄ concentration).