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Updated: Jun 22, 2025
Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
Published on: October 15, 2019
The hidden link: How oral and respiratory microbiomes affect multiple sclerosis
Melika Jameie1, Bahareh Ahli2, Sara Ghadir3
1Neuroscience Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Background:
Extensive research has explored the role of gut microbiota in multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the impact of microbial communities in the oral cavity and respiratory tract on MS is an emerging area of investigation.
Purpose:
We aimed to review the current literature related to the nasal, oral, and lung microbiota in people with MS (PwMS).
Methods:
We conducted a narrative review of clinical and preclinical original studies on PubMed that explored the relationship between the bacterial or viral composition of the nasal, lung, and oral microbiota and MS. Additionally, to find relevant studies not retrieved initially, we also searched for references in related review papers, as well as the references cited within the included studies.
Results And Conclusions:
Thirteen studies were meticulously reviewed in three sections; oral microbiota (n = 8), nasal microbiota (n = 3), and lung microbiota (n = 2), highlighting considerable alterations in the oral and respiratory microbiome of PwMS compared to healthy controls (HCs). Genera like Aggregatibacter and Streptococcus were less abundant in the oral microbiota of PwMS compared to HCs, while Staphylococcus, Leptotrichia, Fusobacterium, and Bacteroides showed increased abundance in PwMS. Additionally, the presence of specific bacteria, including Streptococcus sanguinis, within the oral microbiota was suggested to influence Epstein-Barr virus reactivation, a well-established risk factor for MS. Studies related to the nasal microbiome indicated elevated levels of specific Staphylococcus aureus toxins, as well as nasal glial cell infection with human herpes virus (HHV)-6 in PwMS. Emerging research on lung microbiome in animal models demonstrated that manipulating the lung microbiome towards lipopolysaccharide-producing bacteria might suppress MS symptoms. These findings open avenues for potential therapeutic strategies. However, further research is crucial to fully understand the complex interactions between the microbiome and MS. This will help identify the most effective timing, bacterial strains, and modulation techniques.
Insights
Altered oral and respiratory microbiomes are linked to multiple sclerosis (MS). Specific bacteria changes in the mouth and nose may influence MS risk and symptoms, suggesting new therapeutic avenues.
Area of Science:
- Microbiology
- Immunology
- Neurology
Background:
- Gut microbiota research in multiple sclerosis (MS) is extensive.
- The role of oral and respiratory tract microbial communities in MS is an emerging area.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review current literature on nasal, oral, and lung microbiota in people with MS (PwMS).
Main Methods:
- Conducted a narrative review of original studies on PubMed.
- Searched for relevant studies in reference lists of reviews and included studies.
Main Results:
- Thirteen studies reviewed: 8 on oral, 3 on nasal, 2 on lung microbiota.
- Significant alterations in oral and respiratory microbiomes of PwMS compared to healthy controls (HCs).
- Specific bacterial genera (e.g., Staphylococcus, Fusobacterium) were more abundant in PwMS, while others (e.g., Aggregatibacter, Streptococcus) were less abundant.
Conclusions:
- Oral and nasal microbiome alterations in PwMS may influence MS pathogenesis (e.g., Epstein-Barr virus reactivation, S. aureus toxins).
- Lung microbiome modulation in animal models showed potential for suppressing MS symptoms.
- Further research is crucial to understand microbiome-MS interactions for therapeutic development.
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