On leveraging self-supervised learning for accurate HCV genotyping

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major global health concern, affecting millions of individuals worldwide. While existing literature predominantly focuses on disease classification using clinical data, there exists a critical research gap concerning HCV genotyping based on genomic sequences. Accurate HCV genotyping is essential for patient management and treatment decisions. While the neural models excel at capturing complex patterns, they still face challenges, such as data scarcity, that exist a lot in computational genomics. To overcome this challenges, this paper introduces an advanced deep learning approach for HCV genotyping based on the graphical representation of nucleotide sequences that outperforms classical approaches. Notably, it is effective for both partial and complete HCV genomes and addresses challenges associated with imbalanced datasets. In this work, ten HCV genotypes: 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 2c, 3a, 3b, 4, 5, and 6 were used in the analysis. This study utilizes Chaos Game Representation for 2D mapping of genomic sequences, employing self-supervised learning using convolutional autoencoder for deep feature extraction, resulting in an outstanding performance for HCV genotyping compared to various machine learning and deep learning models. This baseline provides a benchmark against which the performance of the proposed approach and other models can be evaluated. The experimental results showcase a remarkable classification accuracy of over 99%, outperforming traditional deep learning models. This performance demonstrates the capability of the proposed model to accurately identify HCV genotypes in both partial and complete sequences and in dealing with data scarcity for certain genotypes. The results of the proposed model are compared to NCBI genotyping tool.