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Related Concept Videos

Language Development01:22

Language Development

339
Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
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Cognitive Development During Adulthood01:30

Cognitive Development During Adulthood

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Cognitive development continues throughout adulthood, undergoing significant shifts across early, middle, and late stages. Individual transition occurs from adolescent idealism to pragmatic and adaptable thinking in early adulthood. During this period, individuals learn to integrate personal beliefs with the recognition that other perspectives are equally valid. Exposure to the complexities of modern society, diverse experiences, and higher education contribute to this adaptive thought process,...
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Time the Avenger: Unpredictable environmental disruptions induce changes in neural expression of glucocorticoid receptors in the vocal learning circuit of the male budgerigar.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2025

Targeted Training of Ultrasonic Vocalizations in Aged and Parkinsonian Rats
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Persistent vocal learning in an aging open-ended learner reflected in neural FoxP2 expression.

Bushra Moussaoui1, Kennedy Ulmer1, Marcelo Araya-Salas2

  • 1Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA.

BMC Neuroscience
|July 4, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Budgerigars retain vocal learning abilities throughout adulthood, showing resilience to aging. FoxP2 gene expression did not correlate with individual learning differences, suggesting other mechanisms are involved.

Keywords:
BudgerigarCognitive senescenceFoxP2ParrotsVocal learningVocal plasticity

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Animal Behavior
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Vocal learning typically occurs during a critical period, but some species like parrots retain plasticity into adulthood.
  • The transcription factor FoxP2 is crucial for vocal learning in songbirds and parrots.
  • Age-related changes in neurogenetic mechanisms of vocal learning plasticity are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate age-related changes in vocal learning and FoxP2 expression in budgerigars.
  • To test the hypothesis that resilient vocal learning in older budgerigars is associated with stable FoxP2 expression.

Main Methods:

  • Budgerigars of different age groups (young adult vs. older adult) were housed in novel flocks.
  • Vocalizations were recorded over 20 days to assess vocal learning and convergence.
  • Immunohistochemistry was used to measure FoxP2 protein expression in the magnocellular nucleus of the medial striatum (MMSt).

Main Results:

  • Older budgerigars exhibited lower vocal diversity but showed equivalent vocal plasticity and convergence compared to younger adults.
  • Despite higher baseline FoxP2 levels in older adults, both age groups demonstrated persistent downregulation of FoxP2.
  • No correlation was found between individual variation in vocal learning and FoxP2 expression levels.

Conclusions:

  • Budgerigars demonstrate persistent vocal learning capabilities, indicating resilience to aging.
  • The findings suggest that other neurogenetic factors, beyond FoxP2 expression levels, may regulate individual differences in vocal learning performance.