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Related Concept Videos

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

1.8K
The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation
1.8K
Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview01:26

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

2.3K
Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
2.3K
Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade01:22

Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade

8.4K
When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze...
8.4K
Pericyclic Reactions: Introduction01:17

Pericyclic Reactions: Introduction

8.3K
Pericyclic reactions are organic reactions that occur via a concerted mechanism without generating any intermediates. The reactions proceed through the movement of electrons in a closed loop to form a cyclic transition state, where rearrangement of the σ and π bonds yields specific products.
Pericyclic reactions can be classified into three categories: electrocyclic reactions, cycloaddition reactions, and sigmatropic rearrangements. Electrocyclic reactions and sigmatropic...
8.3K
Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Photochemical Activation01:12

Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Photochemical Activation

2.1K
Some cycloaddition reactions are activated by heat, while others are initiated by light. For example, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition between two ethylene molecules occurs only in the presence of light. It is photochemically allowed but thermally forbidden.
2.1K
Cycloaddition Reactions: Overview01:16

Cycloaddition Reactions: Overview

2.5K
Cycloadditions are one of the most valuable and effective synthesis routes to form cyclic compounds. These are concerted pericyclic reactions between two unsaturated compounds resulting in a cyclic product with two new σ bonds formed at the expense of π bonds. The [4 + 2] cycloaddition, known as the Diels–Alder reaction, is the most common. The other example is a [2 + 2] cycloaddition.
2.5K

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Biosynthesis of a Flavonol from a Flavanone by Establishing a One-pot Bienzymatic Cascade
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One-pot chemo- and photo-enzymatic linear cascade processes.

J M Carceller1, K S Arias1, M J Climent1

  • 1Instituto de Tecnología Química (Universitat Politècnica de València-Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Avda dels Tarongers s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain. acorma@itq.upv.es.

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Summary

Combining chemo-, photo-, and biocatalysis in one-pot reactions offers powerful organic synthesis tools. This review highlights strategies for overcoming catalyst incompatibility and deactivation challenges in these complex cascade processes.

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Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Biocatalysis
  • Photocatalysis

Background:

  • Combining chemo-, photo-, and biocatalysis in one-pot cascade reactions offers a powerful approach in organic synthesis.
  • Challenges include differing optimal conditions, catalyst stability, and mutual deactivation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review transformations and approaches for successfully combining enzymes with chemo- and photocatalytic processes.
  • To analyze strategies for resolving incompatibility issues in chemo-enzymatic reactions.

Main Methods:

  • Exploration of various one-pot cascade processes integrating chemo-, photo-, and biocatalysis.
  • Analysis of strategies such as non-conventional solvents, enzyme-metal hybrid catalysts, and spatial compartmentalization.

Main Results:

  • Successful integration of enzymes with chemo- and photocatalytic processes for valuable chemical synthesis and biomass valorization.
  • Demonstration of effective strategies to overcome catalyst incompatibility and deactivation.

Conclusions:

  • The integration of chemo-, photo-, and biocatalysis in one-pot cascades is a potent strategy for organic synthesis.
  • Addressing catalyst incompatibility through innovative methods enables efficient chemo-enzymatic cascade processes.