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Eyewitness Memory

Eyewitness Memory

Eyewitness memory refers to the recollection of events by someone who has directly witnessed them, often serving as critical evidence in legal settings. This type of memory is commonly used in criminal cases where a witness describes details like a suspect's appearance, clothing, or behavior during a crime. However, despite its perceived reliability, eyewitness memory is prone to significant errors.
One such error is memory distortion, which occurs because human memory does not function...

Bystander Effect

Bystander Effect

The discussion of bullying highlights the problem of witnesses not intervening to help a victim. This is a common occurrence, as the following well-publicized event demonstrates. In 1964, in Queens, New York, a 19-year-old woman named Kitty Genovese was attacked by a person with a knife near the back entrance to her apartment building and again in the hallway inside her apartment building. When the attack occurred, she screamed for help numerous times and eventually died from her stab wounds.

Naturalistic Observations

Naturalistic Observations

If you want to understand how behavior occurs, one of the best ways to gain information is to simply observe the behavior in its natural context. However, people might change their behavior in unexpected ways if they know they are being observed. How do researchers obtain accurate information when people tend to hide their natural behavior? As an example, imagine that your professor asks everyone in your class to raise their hand if they always wash their hands after using the restroom. Chances...

Social Facilitation

Social Facilitation

Not all intergroup interactions lead to negative outcomes. Sometimes, being in a group situation can improve performance. Social facilitation occurs when an individual performs better when an audience is watching than when the individual performs the behavior alone. This typically occurs when people are performing a task for which they are skilled.

Deindividuation

Deindividuation

Deindividuation is a form of social influence on an individual’s behavior such that the individual engages in unusual or non-normal behavior while in a group setting. Why? Because in these group settings, the individual no longer sees themselves as an individual anymore, disinhibiting their behavior and personal restraint.

Stereotype Threat and Self-fulfilling Prophecies

Stereotype Threat and Self-fulfilling Prophecies

When we hold a stereotype about a person, we have expectations that he or she will fulfill that stereotype. A self-fulfilling prophecy is an expectation held by a person that alters his or her behavior in a way that tends to make it true. When we hold stereotypes about a person, we tend to treat the person according to our expectations. This treatment can influence the person to act according to our stereotypic expectations, thus confirming our stereotypic beliefs. Research by Rosenthal and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2025

Holistic Facial Composite Creation and Subsequent Video Line-up Eyewitness Identification Paradigm

Holistic Facial Composite Creation and Subsequent Video Line-up Eyewitness Identification Paradigm

Published on: December 24, 2015

To what extent does post-identification feedback translate into witness behaviour?

Yui Fukushima¹, Kayla Jordan², Maryanne Garry²

¹Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan.

Memory (Hove, England)

|July 5, 2024

Summary

Post-identification feedback (PIF) effect boosts eyewitness confidence but does not consistently increase willingness to provide evidence. Confirming feedback may lead to longer statements, but its influence on subsequent behavior is limited.

Keywords:

Eyewitness confidence eyewitness identification lineup procedure post-identification feedback witness behaviour

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Last Updated: Jun 21, 2025

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Area of Science:

Psychology
Cognitive Psychology
Forensic Psychology

Background:

Eyewitness confidence is crucial in legal proceedings.
Post-identification feedback (PIF) effect enhances eyewitness confidence.
The impact of PIF on subsequent eyewitness behavior remains under-researched.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate if confirming feedback influences eyewitnesses' willingness to provide evidence.
To determine the extent of PIF effect on subsequent eyewitness behavior.
To explore boundary conditions of the PIF effect.

Main Methods:

Four experiments were conducted to examine the PIF effect.
Participants received confirming or disconfirming feedback after identification.
Willingness to provide recorded/written statements and statement length were measured.

Main Results:

The basic PIF effect, enhancing confidence, was replicated.
No consistent evidence showed increased willingness to provide statements or data.
Preliminary evidence suggested longer statements from participants receiving confirming feedback.

Conclusions:

PIF effect's influence may be limited to retrospective reports and beliefs.
Findings suggest caution in extrapolating PIF's impact on eyewitness behavior.
Establishes boundary conditions for the PIF effect in eyewitness testimony.