Filopodia: integrating cellular functions with theoretical models

Filopodia, widely distributed on cell surfaces, are distinguished by their dynamic extensions, playing pivotal roles in a myriad of biological processes. Their functions span from mechanosensing and guidance to cell-cell communication during cellular organization in the early embryo. Filopodia have significant roles in pathogenic processes, such as cancer invasion and viral dissemination. Molecular mapping of the filopodome has revealed generic components essential for filopodia functions. In parallel, recent insights into biophysical mechanisms governing filopodia dynamics have provided the foundation for broader investigations of filopodia's biological functions. We highlight recent discoveries of engagement of filopodia in various stages of development and pathogenesis and present an overview of intricate molecular and physical features of these cellular structures across a spectrum of cellular activities.