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Updated: Jun 21, 2025

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer
Published on: March 1, 2015
Ki Wan Park1, Mohamed Diop1, Sierra Hewett Willens1
1Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 801 Welch Road, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA.
Artificial intelligence (AI) offers objective tools to enhance facial plastic and reconstructive surgery (FPRS) for diagnosis, planning, and evaluation. Challenges like bias and validation need addressing for clinical integration of AI in FPRS.
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