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Cell wall integrity modulates HOOKLESS1 and PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR4 expression controlling apical hook

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Plant cell wall integrity, regulated by pectin and cellulose, is crucial for apical hook formation in seedlings. Turgor-dependent signals link cell wall status to hormone pathways controlling differential growth.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Apical hook formation in etiolated dicot seedlings is essential for photoprotection and involves differential growth regulated by hormones like auxin and gibberellins (GAs).
  • The role of cell wall feedback mechanisms in regulating apical hook development remains largely unexplored.
  • Cell expansion is fundamentally controlled by the cell wall, but its contribution to hook formation is unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of cell wall integrity and pectin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis apical hook development.
  • To elucidate the signaling pathways linking cell wall status to hormone-mediated differential growth during hook formation.
  • To identify key regulators and environmental factors influencing hook development in response to cell wall perturbations.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of Arabidopsis quasimodo2-1 (qua2) mutants defective in pectin biosynthesis.
  • Treatment of wild-type seedlings with the cellulose inhibitor isoxaben (isx).
  • Genetic manipulation (DELLA protein mutants, HLS1 overexpression) and hormone treatments (GAs).
  • Measurement of auxin distribution, gene expression (HLS1, PIF4), and GA accumulation using a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based sensor.
  • Investigating the role of the cell wall integrity sensor THESEUS 1 (THE1).

Main Results:

  • The qua2 mutant and isoxaben-treated seedlings exhibit severe defects in apical hook formation, loss of auxin maxima, and reduced differential cell expansion.
  • Expression of positive hook regulators HOOKLESS1 (HLS1) and PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR4 (PIF4) is decreased in qua2 and isx-treated seedlings.
  • Exogenous GAs, loss of DELLA proteins, or HLS1 overexpression partially rescue hook development in these mutants.
  • Increased agar concentration restores hook formation, auxin maxima, and HLS1/PIF4 expression in both qua2 and isx-treated seedlings.
  • Isoxaben treatment reduces GA accumulation in the apical hook in a turgor-dependent manner.
  • Loss of THESEUS 1 restores hook formation in qua2 and isx-treated seedlings, indicating a role for turgor regulation.

Conclusions:

  • Cell wall integrity, specifically pectin biosynthesis and cellulose integrity, is essential for proper apical hook formation in Arabidopsis seedlings.
  • Turgor-dependent signals originating from the cell wall act upstream of the PIF4-HLS1 module to regulate differential cell elongation.
  • The findings reveal a novel feedback mechanism where cell wall status influences hormonal signaling (GAs) and gene expression to control plant development.