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Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

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Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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The innate immune response is an immediate and non-specific response against pathogens, acting swiftly to prevent the spread of infections. The primary cells involved in this response are phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.
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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
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POU4F2 overexpression promotes the genesis of retinal ganglion cell-like projection neurons from late progenitors.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2025

Rapid and Refined CD11b Magnetic Isolation of Primary Microglia with Enhanced Purity and Versatility
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CD11c-expressing microglia are transient, driven by interactions with apoptotic cells.

Nathaniel Ghena1,2, Sarah R Anderson1, Jacqueline M Roberts1

  • 1Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah School of Medicine.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|July 9, 2024
PubMed
Summary

CD11c+ microglia are a transient state in the developing retina, not a specialized subset. This state is induced by neuronal apoptosis and involves lysosomal activity for clearance, with expression partly regulated by the TAM receptor Axl.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Microglia, the central nervous system's resident macrophages, play vital roles in neural development and remodeling.
  • Microglia exhibit transcriptional heterogeneity, indicating diverse functional states.
  • The dynamic nature and regulatory cues of these microglial states remain poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the regulation and function of CD11c-expressing microglia (CD11c+ microglia) in the developing retina.
  • To determine if CD11c+ microglia represent a distinct subset or a transient functional state.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of CD11c expression in postnatal retinal microglia.
  • Genetic fate mapping to track microglial state transitions.
  • Assessment of lysosomal content and phagocytic activity.
  • Selective ablation of CD11c+ microglia.
  • Investigation of the role of the TAM receptor Axl in CD11c expression.

Main Results:

  • CD11c+ microglia populations correlate with waves of neuronal apoptosis.
  • Microglia transition out of the CD11c+ state, returning to homeostasis.
  • CD11c+ microglia exhibit increased lysosomal content and participate in apoptotic cell clearance.
  • CD11c expression is partly dependent on the TAM receptor Axl.
  • Selective ablation revealed CD11c+ microglia are not uniquely essential for phagocytosis.

Conclusions:

  • CD11c+ microglia represent a transient functional state induced by developmental apoptosis.
  • This state is characterized by enhanced lysosomal activity for clearance.
  • CD11c+ microglia are not a specialized subset dedicated to phagocytic elimination.
  • The TAM receptor Axl partially regulates the acquisition of CD11c expression.