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Related Concept Videos

Imaging Studies II: Ultrasonography01:24

Imaging Studies II: Ultrasonography

IntroductionUltrasonography, or renal ultrasound, is a noninvasive medical imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to visualize the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and surrounding tissues.Indications for Urinary System UltrasonographyUrinary system ultrasonography is indicated in various clinical scenarios, such as:Kidney Stones (Urolithiasis): To detect and monitor the size and presence of kidney or urinary tract stones.Hydronephrosis: To assess the dilation of the renal pelvis and...
Imaging Studies III: Computed Tomography01:27

Imaging Studies III: Computed Tomography

DefinitionComputed Tomography (CT) of the genitourinary (GU) tract is a non-invasive imaging modality that utilizes X-rays and computer processing to generate detailed cross-sectional images of the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and adjacent structures such as the adrenal glands.PurposeCT scans of the GU tract serve several diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including:Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Diseases: Detects kidney stones, tumors, cysts, and congenital...
Imaging Studies V: Intravenous Urography and Retrograde Pyelography01:22

Imaging Studies V: Intravenous Urography and Retrograde Pyelography

IntroductionIntravenous Urography (IVU) and Retrograde Pyelography (RP) are important diagnostic imaging techniques used to evaluate the urinary system. These methods help identify structural abnormalities, obstructions, and functional issues in the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. Both procedures use iodine-based contrast media to enhance the visibility of urinary tract structures on X-ray images, though they differ in their methods and indications.1. Intravenous Urography (IVU)Intravenous...
Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography01:22

Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography

Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...
Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination01:28

Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination

Meaning of Cystoscopic Examination:Cystoscopy is an essential diagnostic tool in urology that is used to assess the structure and function of the genitourinary system. It provides a direct view of the urethra, bladder, and, in some cases, the ureteral openings. This procedure helps detect structural abnormalities, infections, cancers, and blockages in the urinary tract. There are two types of cystoscopy:Flexible cystoscopy is commonly performed in outpatient settings due to its less invasive...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Probe-based Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy of the Urinary Tract: The Technique
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Optimizing cystoscopy and TURBT: enhanced imaging and artificial intelligence.

Eugene Shkolyar1,2, Steve R Zhou1, Camella J Carlson3

  • 1Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.

Nature Reviews. Urology
|July 9, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bladder cancer recurrence remains high after standard endoscopic resection due to biological factors and surgical limits. Enhanced cystoscopy and AI show promise for improving tumor detection and resection, addressing this unmet clinical need.

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Oncology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Diagnostic cystoscopy and transurethral resection are standard for bladder cancer management.
  • Current methods face limitations, leading to high recurrence and progression rates.
  • Incomplete resection and biological heterogeneity contribute to treatment challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To address the unmet clinical need for improved bladder tumor delineation and resection.
  • To explore advancements in enhanced cystoscopy and artificial intelligence for bladder cancer treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current diagnostic and surgical standards for bladder cancer.
  • Analysis of limitations in existing endoscopic resection techniques.
  • Exploration of emerging technologies like enhanced cystoscopy and AI.

Main Results:

  • High rates of bladder cancer recurrence and progression persist despite current standards.
  • Surgical technique variability and incomplete resection are significant factors in recurrence.
  • Enhanced cystoscopy and AI present potential solutions to improve outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • There is a critical need for improved methods in bladder cancer diagnosis and surgical treatment.
  • Advances in enhanced cystoscopy and artificial intelligence offer promising strategies to overcome current limitations.
  • These innovations may lead to reduced recurrence and progression rates in bladder cancer patients.