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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2025

An Immunohistopathologic Study to Profile the Folate Receptor Beta Macrophage and Vascular Immune Microenvironment in Giant Cell Arteritis

Published on: February 8, 2019

Giant Cell Arteritis: Updates and Controversies.

Erin Yu¹, Jessica R Chang¹

¹University of Southern California Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, United States.

Frontiers in Ophthalmology

|July 10, 2024

Summary

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a vasculitis affecting large arteries, often presenting with vision loss. Diagnosis involves clinical findings, imaging, and sometimes biopsy, with corticosteroids and steroid-sparing agents used for treatment.

Keywords:

MRI black blood arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AAION)epidemiology giant cell arteritis (GCA)temporal artery biopsy vasculitis

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Last Updated: Jun 21, 2025

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Area of Science:

Rheumatology
Ophthalmology
Immunology

Background:

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a systemic granulomatous vasculitis impacting medium and large arteries.
Ophthalmic manifestations are common and can lead to vision loss.
GCA epidemiology shows variation across ethnic groups and increasing recognition in minority populations.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic workup, and treatment of GCA.
To highlight the ophthalmic manifestations and diagnostic challenges.
To discuss current and emerging treatment strategies.

Main Methods:

Literature review of GCA epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment.
Analysis of diagnostic modalities including temporal artery biopsy, ultrasound, MRI, and PET CT.
Review of current treatment standards and novel therapeutic agents.

Main Results:

GCA affects the elderly, with potential underdiagnosis in African Americans and Hispanics.
Arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy is the most frequent ophthalmic issue.
Temporal artery biopsy is standard, but ultrasound shows promise; corticosteroids are primary treatment, with tocilizumab as a steroid-sparing option.

Conclusions:

GCA diagnosis requires a combination of clinical suspicion, supportive tests, and imaging.
Prompt treatment with corticosteroids is crucial to prevent vision loss.
Steroid-sparing agents like tocilizumab offer alternatives to mitigate corticosteroid side effects.