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Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Validating Whole Genome Nanopore Sequencing, using Usutu Virus as an Example
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Ixodes ricinus as potential vector for Usutu virus.

Julian W Bakker1, Emmanuelle Münger2, Helen J Esser3

  • 1Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.

Plos Neglected Tropical Diseases
|July 10, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ixodes ricinus ticks can become infected with Usutu virus (USUV) and transmit it between life stages and horizontally. However, tick-borne transmission of USUV is likely a minor factor in its overall epidemiology.

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Virology
  • Arthropod-borne Diseases
  • Ecology of Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Usutu virus (USUV) is an emerging flavivirus primarily transmitted by mosquitoes, causing significant wild bird mortality in Europe.
  • While birds are amplifying hosts, the role of other ectoparasites, such as ticks, in USUV maintenance and transmission remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the capability of Ixodes ricinus ticks to become infected with, maintain, and transmit Usutu virus.
  • To assess the potential epidemiological significance of ticks in Usutu virus transmission cycles.

Main Methods:

  • In vitro studies using tick cell lines and in vivo experiments with injected ticks.
  • Artificial membrane blood-feeding assays to assess virus acquisition, maintenance, and transmission.
  • Field surveillance of Usutu virus RNA in ticks collected from wild birds and questing ticks in the Netherlands.

Main Results:

  • Usutu virus replicated in Ixodes ricinus tick cells and whole ticks, and was acquired and maintained by nymphs for at least 70 days.
  • Transstadial transmission from nymphs to adults occurred in 4.9% of ticks, and virus was detected in tick saliva.
  • Usutu virus RNA was detected in ticks collected from wild birds, indicating active replication, but not in questing ticks.

Conclusions:

  • Ixodes ricinus ticks can be infected with Usutu virus and are capable of transstadial and horizontal transmission.
  • Despite the demonstrated transmission capability, the role of Ixodes ricinus ticks in Usutu virus epidemiology is likely minor compared to mosquito vectors.