Development of fermented Atemoya (Annona cherimola × Annona squamosa)-Amazake increased intestinal next-generation...

Akkermansia muciniphila and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii are next-generation probiotics, which has been reported to protect disease and effectively utilize various carbohydrates (starch and pectin) as nutrients for growth. Atemoya exhibiting fruity flavor, which is suitable for enhancing aroma and attenuating unpleasant taste caused by the koji metabolites. Results indicated that malic acid was increased (from 42.4 to 70.1 mg/100 g) in fermented Atemoya-Amazake. In addition, fermented Atemoya-Amazake elevated growthes in A. muciniphila and F. prausnitzii. Similarly, the populations of Parabacteroides (5.7 fold) and Akkermansia (1.66 fold) were elevated by fermented Atemoya-Amazake treatment in an in vitro simulated gastrointestinal system compared to the control group. Results revealed that fermented Atemoya-Amazake modulated the intestinal microbiota through increasing the production of short-chain fatty acids (exhibiting anti-pathogenic activity) for 2.1, 2.5, 2.6, and 2.1 folds in acetic acid, propionic acid, isobutyric acid, and butyric acid, respectively; suggesting this fermented Atemoya-Amazake could be applied in intestinal protection.