Unveiling potential roles of earthworms in mitigating the presence of virulence factor genes in terrestrial...

Earthworms can redistribute soil microbiota, and thus might affect the profile of virulence factor genes (VFGs) which are carried by pathogens in soils. Nevertheless, the knowledge of VFG profile in the earthworm guts and its interaction with earthworm gut microbiome is still lacking. Herein, we characterized earthworm gut and soil microbiome and VFG profiles in natural and agricultural ecosystems at a national scale using metagenomics. VFG profiles in the earthworm guts significantly differed from those in the surrounding soils, which was mainly driven by variations of bacterial communities. Furthermore, the total abundance of different types of VFGs in the earthworm guts was about 20-fold lower than that in the soils due to the dramatic decline (also by approximately 20-fold) of VFG-carrying bacterial pathogens in the earthworm guts. Additionally, five VFGs related to nutritional/metabolic factors and stress survival were identified as keystones merely in the microbe-VFG network in the earthworm guts, implying their pivotal roles in facilitating pathogen colonization in earthworm gut microhabitats. These findings suggest the potential roles of earthworms in reducing risks related to the presence of VFGs in soils, providing novel insights into earthworm-based bioremediation of VFG contamination in terrestrial ecosystems.