Immune cells phenotype and bioenergetic measures in CD4⁺ T cells differ between high and low feed efficient dairy...

Identifying sources of variance that contribute to residual feed intake (RFI) can aid in improving feed efficiency. The objectives of this study were to investigate immune cells phenotype and bioenergetic measures in CD4⁺ T cells in low feed efficient (LE) and high feed efficient (HE) dairy cows. Sixty-four Holstein cows were enrolled at 93 ± 22 days in milk (DIM) and monitored for 7 weeks to measure RFI. Cows with the highest RFI (LE; n = 14) or lowest RFI (HE; n = 14) were selected to determine immune cells phenotype using flow cytometry. Blood was sampled in the same LE and HE cows at 234 ± 22 DIM to isolate peripheral blood mononuclear cells, followed by magnetic separation of CD4⁺ T lymphocytes using bovine specific monoclonal antibodies. The metabolic function of isolated CD4⁺ T lymphocytes was evaluated under resting and activated states. An increased expression of CD62L⁺ cells within CD8⁺ T lymphocytes and CD21⁺ B lymphocytes was observed in HE cows compared to LE cows. CD4⁺ T lymphocytes of HE cows exhibited an increased mitochondrial and glycolytic activity in resting and activated states compared to LE cows. These data suggest that immune cells in HE cows exhibit an increased metabolic function, which might influence nutrient partitioning and utilization and serve as a source of variation in feed efficiency that warrants future investigation.