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Related Concept Videos

Adhesion01:14

Adhesion

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Adhesion occurs when one type of molecule is attracted to a different molecule. Water exhibits adhesive properties in the presence of polar surfaces, such as glass or cellulose in plants. For instance, when water is poured into a glass, the positively charged hydrogen molecules of water are more attracted to the negatively charged oxygen molecules in the silica than to the oxygen in neighboring water molecules.
Capillary action is a result of water’s adhesive tendencies. When a narrow...
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Osmoregulation in Fishes02:32

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When cells are placed in a hypotonic (low-salt) fluid, they can swell and burst. Meanwhile, cells in a hypertonic solution—with a higher salt concentration—can shrivel and die. How do fish cells avoid these gruesome fates in hypotonic freshwater or hypertonic seawater environments?
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Types of Membrane Protrusions01:28

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The protrusion of the cell surface is an initial step for several cellular processes, including cell migration, phagocytosis, and neurite outgrowth. These membrane protrusions are a result of cytoskeletal rearrangement. The most  widely observed cell protrusions include lamellipodia, pseudopodia, filopodia, microvilli, invadopodia, and podosomes. These protrusions can be of two types — static or dynamic.
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Membrane Fluidity01:23

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Cell membranes are composed of phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates loosely attached to one another through chemical interactions. Molecules are generally able to move about in the plane of the membrane, giving the membrane its flexible nature called fluidity. Two other features of the membrane contribute to membrane fluidity: the chemical structure of the phospholipids and the presence of cholesterol in the membrane.
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Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity02:57

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Surface Tension
The various IMFs between identical molecules of a substance are examples of cohesive forces. The molecules within a liquid are surrounded by other molecules and are attracted equally in all directions by the cohesive forces within the liquid. However, the molecules on the surface of a liquid are attracted only by about one-half as many molecules. Because of the unbalanced molecular attractions on the surface molecules, liquids contract to form a shape that minimizes the number...
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Responses to Salt Stress02:02

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Salt stress—which can be triggered by high salt concentrations in a plant’s environment—can significantly affect plant growth and crop production by influencing photosynthesis and the absorption of water and nutrients.
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The Barnacle Balanus improvisus as a Marine Model - Culturing and Gene Expression
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Deformation-Resistant Underwater Adhesion in a Wide Salinity Range.

Shuxue Wang1, Richang Ou1, Jingjing Li1

  • 1College of Materials Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|July 11, 2024
PubMed
Summary

New ionogel-based underwater adhesives maintain strong adhesion in diverse saline environments. These catechol-free materials offer robust, self-healing underwater bonding for various applications.

Keywords:
deformation resistanceionogelsself‐healingtape‐type adhesivesunderwater adhesion

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Conventional adhesives fail in aqueous conditions, limiting their use.
  • Underwater adhesives are critical for biomedical and engineering applications.
  • Existing adhesives struggle with varying salinity and osmotic pressure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop novel ionogel-based underwater adhesives.
  • To enhance adhesion and cohesion in diverse saline environments.
  • To create catechol-free adhesives with self-healing properties.

Main Methods:

  • Copolymerization approach to create ionogels.
  • Incorporation of "dynamic complementary cross-linking" networks.
  • Synergistic engineering of ionogel components (building blocks, networks, pendant groups, counterions).

Main Results:

  • Achieved high adhesion strength of ≈3.6 MPa in freshwater.
  • Maintained steady adhesion strengths >3.3 MPa in hypersaline solutions (50–200 g kg⁻¹).
  • Demonstrated excellent durability, salt tolerance, and self-healing properties.

Conclusions:

  • Ionogel-based adhesives exhibit superior performance across a wide salinity range.
  • Facile fabrication of catechol-free ionogel adhesives broadens their applicability.
  • These adhesives offer robust, self-contained underwater bonding solutions.