Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Acute Pharyngitis

Acute Pharyngitis

Introduction
Acute pharyngitis is the inflammation of the back of the throat (pharynx), commonly resulting in a sore throat. It is a frequently encountered condition that prompts individuals to seek medical advice.
Classification
Acute pharyngitis can be categorized based on its underlying cause:

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) is a severe tick-borne illness caused by Rickettsia rickettsii, a Gram-negative, coccobacillary bacterium. This pathogen is an obligate intracellular parasite, requiring a host cell for replication. Transmission occurs through the bite of an infected tick. In the United States, the most important vectors are Dermacentor variabilis (American dog tick) and Dermacentor andersoni (Rocky Mountain wood tick), though other tick species may also serve as vectors.

Rabies

Rabies

Rabies is a lethal zoonotic disease caused by a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus of the Lyssavirus genus, within the family Rhabdoviridae. Its primary mode of transmission to humans is through bites or saliva-contaminated scratches from infected mammals such as dogs, bats, raccoons, or foxes. Transmission can also occur if infectious saliva contacts abraded skin or intact mucous membranes, including the conjunctiva.Viral Entry and Early ReplicationOnce introduced at the bite or scratch...

Coronavirus

Coronavirus

Coronaviruses, including the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), are enveloped viruses characterized by their single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome and helical nucleocapsid structure. The hallmark of these viruses is their club-shaped spike (S) glycoproteins that protrude from the viral envelope, facilitating attachment to host cells. Typically, coronaviruses infect the upper respiratory tract, often causing mild or asymptomatic disease. However, certain strains like...

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease

Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a widespread pathogen that primarily targets infants and young children but also poses a serious health risk to elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Belonging to the Pneumoviridae family, RSV is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus within the Pneumovirus genus. Its global health burden is significant, with millions of cases annually resulting in hospitalizations and mortality, particularly in resource-limited settings. Although most...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Missed opportunities for antibiotic de-escalation among clinically stable adult patients with bloodstream infection: secondary analysis of a prospective, multicenter study.

International journal of antimicrobial agents·2026

Same author

Impact of generic market entry on the consumption of last-resort antibiotics in six European countries.

Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases·2026

Same author

The ESCMID Framework for Reaching Consensus in Clinical Guidelines.

Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases·2026

Same author

Sarcopenia Predicts Mortality and Hepatic Encephalopathy After TIPS in Older Adults With Cirrhosis and Improves Prognostic Scores.

Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver·2026

Same author

Osteogenesis imperfecta: a registry-based study of the clinical symptoms of disease in a large cohort of Italian patients.

Frontiers in endocrinology·2026

Same author

Correspondence: the recommended resistance-guided treatment of <i>Mycoplasma genitalium</i> infection in symptomatic individuals is not feasible in many Italian settings.

Sexually transmitted infections·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies using High-Throughput Fluorescent Imaging of Pseudovirus Infection

Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies using High-Throughput Fluorescent Imaging of Pseudovirus Infection

Published on: June 5, 2021

Use of Azithromycin Attributable to Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection.

Carlo Gagliotti^1,2, Federico Banchelli^1,2, Rossella Buttazzi^1,2

¹Department of Innovation in Healthcare and Social Services, Emilia-Romagna Region, Bologna, Italy.

Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety

|July 11, 2024

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Early COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) treatment misinformation led to increased azithromycin prescriptions. This study found a significant rise in antibiotic use during acute infection phases, suggesting inappropriate prescribing practices.

Keywords:

ORCHESTRA project SARS‐CoV‐2 infection attributable use azithromycin defined daily dose population‐based cohort

More Related Videos

Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection in K18 hACE2 Transgenic Mice Using Reporter-Expressing Recombinant SARS-CoV-2

Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection in K18 hACE2 Transgenic Mice Using Reporter-Expressing Recombinant SARS-CoV-2

Published on: November 5, 2021

Author Spotlight: Advancements in Multiplex Detection of Respiratory Viruses

Author Spotlight: Advancements in Multiplex Detection of Respiratory Viruses

Published on: November 10, 2023

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies using High-Throughput Fluorescent Imaging of Pseudovirus Infection

Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies using High-Throughput Fluorescent Imaging of Pseudovirus Infection

Published on: June 5, 2021

Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection in K18 hACE2 Transgenic Mice Using Reporter-Expressing Recombinant SARS-CoV-2

Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection in K18 hACE2 Transgenic Mice Using Reporter-Expressing Recombinant SARS-CoV-2

Published on: November 5, 2021

Author Spotlight: Advancements in Multiplex Detection of Respiratory Viruses

Author Spotlight: Advancements in Multiplex Detection of Respiratory Viruses

Published on: November 10, 2023

Area of Science:

Infectious Diseases
Pharmacology
Public Health

Background:

Preliminary, later disproven, findings suggested azithromycin efficacy for SARS-CoV-2.
This led to potential over-prescription of the antibiotic during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Lack of individual-level data on azithromycin use in acute SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Purpose of the Study:

To analyze individual-level data linking azithromycin use to acute SARS-CoV-2 infection.
To quantify azithromycin consumption during different phases of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
To assess the impact of virus variants on antibiotic prescribing patterns.

Main Methods:

Retrospective population-based cohort study (February 2020 - February 2022).
Utilized outpatient prescription data from Emilia-Romagna Region, Italy.
Compared azithromycin consumption (DDD) during acute, post-acute, and control periods, stratified by SARS-CoV-2 variants.

Main Results:

Azithromycin consumption rates (DDD per 1000 individuals/day) significantly increased during acute SARS-CoV-2 phases across all variants.
Percentage of individuals receiving azithromycin and its share of total antibiotic use also rose.
Consumption returned to baseline levels in the post-acute phase; 12.9% of total azithromycin use was linked to acute COVID-19.

Conclusions:

Increased azithromycin prescribing during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection suggests inappropriate use.
Low likelihood of bacterial coinfection in most cases further supports this conclusion.
Highlights the need for evidence-based prescribing during public health crises.