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Nuclear Transmutation03:20

Nuclear Transmutation

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Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
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Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
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Radioactivity is a spontaneous disintegration of an unstable nuclide and is a random process, as all the nuclei in the sample do not decay simultaneously. The number of disintegrations per unit time is called the activity (A), which is directly proportional to the number of nuclei in the sample. The decay constant (λ) is an average probability of decay per nucleus in unit time.
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Nuclear chemistry is the study of reactions that involve changes in nuclear structure. The nucleus of an atom is composed of protons and, except for hydrogen, neutrons. The number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number (Z) of the element, and the sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons is the mass number (A). Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers are isotopes of the same element.
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The most common types of radioactivity are α decay, β decay, γ decay, neutron emission, and electron capture.
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In the early 1900s, English chemist Frederick Soddy realized that an element could have atoms with different masses that were chemically indistinguishable. These different types are called isotopes — atoms of the same element that differ in mass. Isotopes differ in mass because they have different numbers of neutrons but are chemically identical because they have the same number of protons. Soddy was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1921 for this discovery.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2025

Preparing an Isotopically Pure 229Th Ion Beam for Studies of 229mTh
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Preparing an Isotopically Pure 229Th Ion Beam for Studies of 229mTh

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Tritium decay catastrophe.

Crist N Filer1

  • 1Revvity Inc., 940 Winter Street, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA.

Applied Radiation and Isotopes : Including Data, Instrumentation and Methods for Use in Agriculture, Industry and Medicine
|July 11, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Tritium decay catastrophe is a newly introduced phenomenon. Long-term studies of the radioligand [methoxy-3H] levosulpiride demonstrate its behavior aligns with this concept.

Area of Science:

  • Radiochemistry
  • Nuclear Chemistry
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Tritium (3H) is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen commonly used in radioligands for biological and chemical research.
  • Understanding the long-term stability and decay characteristics of tritium-labeled compounds is crucial for accurate experimental results.
  • Previous models may not fully account for complex decay phenomena over extended periods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and define the phenomenon of tritium decay catastrophe.
  • To provide a technical example illustrating this phenomenon using a specific radioligand.
  • To analyze the long-term behavior of [methoxy-3H] levosulpiride in the context of tritium decay.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical introduction of the tritium decay catastrophe concept.
Keywords:
Decay catastropheRadioactive decaySpecific activityTritium

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  • Experimental observation and analysis of the long-term stability of [methoxy-3H] levosulpiride.
  • Comparison of observed decay patterns with theoretical predictions.

    • Main Results:

    • The phenomenon of tritium decay catastrophe is formally introduced.
    • [Methoxy-3H] levosulpiride exhibits long-term behavior consistent with the proposed tritium decay catastrophe model.
    • The study provides empirical evidence supporting the existence and characteristics of this decay phenomenon.

    Conclusions:

    • The tritium decay catastrophe is a significant consideration for radiolabeled compounds.
    • The behavior of [methoxy-3H] levosulpiride serves as a key example of this phenomenon.
    • Further research is warranted to explore the implications of tritium decay catastrophe in various applications.