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Zinc Toxicity: Understanding the Limits.

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Zinc is essential for health, but too much can cause anemia and copper deficiency. This review covers safe intake levels and risks from various consumption routes.

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copperexposurerecommendationtoxicityupper intake levelzinc

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Area of Science:

  • Nutritional Science
  • Toxicology
  • Human Physiology

Background:

  • Zinc is a vital trace element crucial for over 300 enzymatic reactions and physiological processes.
  • Both zinc deficiency and excess intake pose significant health risks.
  • Recommended dietary intake varies, with established upper limits by regulatory bodies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on calculating tolerable upper intake levels (UL) for zinc.
  • To summarize health risks associated with excessive zinc intake.
  • To highlight potential risks from non-oral zinc exposure.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific publications and regulatory guidelines.
  • Analysis of data on zinc's physiological roles and toxicity.
  • Synthesis of information regarding established ULs and health consequences.

Main Results:

  • Dietary reference values range from 6.7 to 15 mg/day (WHO).
  • Upper intake limits differ: 25 mg/day (EFSA) and 40 mg/day (FDA).
  • Excess zinc can lead to anemia, neutropenia, and copper deficiency.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding and adhering to ULs is critical for preventing zinc toxicity.
  • Non-oral routes of zinc intake (inhalation, topical) may also lead to intoxication.
  • Further research may be needed to fully characterize risks from diverse exposure pathways.