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An applied magnetic field causes the electrons present in the molecule to circulate, setting up a local diamagnetic current within the molecule. The local diamagnetic current arising from circulating sigma-bonding electrons induces a magnetic field, Blocal that opposes the applied magnetic field, B0. The effective magnetic field experienced by these nuclei is given by the difference between the applied and local magnetic fields in a phenomenon called local diamagnetic shielding. Essentially,...
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At the transition from prophase to metaphase, there is a reduction in cohesion along the chromosomal arms, resulting in the resolution of sister chromatids. However, residual cohesin connections remain to hold the sister chromatids together until the transition from metaphase to anaphase. The residual connection prevents any premature separation of sister chromatids, blocking the risks of aneuploidy within the daughter cells.
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In response to DNA damage, cells can pause the cell cycle to assess and repair the breaks. However, the cell must check the DNA at certain critical stages during the cell cycle. If the cell cycle pauses before DNA replication, the cells will contain twice the amount of DNA. On the other hand, if cells arrest after DNA replication but before mitosis, they will contain four times the normal amount of DNA. With a host of specialized proteins at their disposal,cells must use the right protein at...
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Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
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EDTA titrations may necessitate masking and demasking agents to temporarily protect a particular metal ion in a mixture from the EDTA reaction. These agents facilitate the sequential analysis of the metal ions by forming stable complexes with some—but not all—metal ions during certain steps.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2025

Studying Cell Cycle-regulated Gene Expression by Two Complementary Cell Synchronization Protocols
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DTR-SHIELD: Mutual Synchronization for Protecting against DoS Attacks on the SHIELD Protocol with AES-CTR Mode.

Sang-Su Lee1, Jong-Sik Moon1, Yong-Je Choi1

  • 1Cyber Security Research Division, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea.

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|July 13, 2024
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Summary

The new DTR-SHIELD protocol enhances semiconductor supply chain security by using double counters to prevent desynchronization attacks. This improves upon the original SHIELD protocol for integrated circuit authentication.

Keywords:
DARPADoS attacksIC counterfeitingSHIELDdieletsupply chain security

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Area of Science:

  • Computer Science
  • Electrical Engineering
  • Cybersecurity

Background:

  • The globalized semiconductor industry faces significant supply chain security challenges.
  • Existing protocols like SHIELD (Supply Chain Hardware Integrity for Electronics Defense) use hardware root-of-trust (dielets) to secure integrated circuits (ICs).
  • CTR-SHIELD, an adaptation of SHIELD with AES counter mode, is susceptible to desynchronization attacks targeting its counter blocks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To address the desynchronization vulnerabilities in the CTR-SHIELD protocol.
  • To propose a novel authentication protocol that enhances the security of ICs against specific attack vectors.
  • To improve the robustness of hardware-based authentication in semiconductor supply chains.

Main Methods:

  • Introduction of the DTR-SHIELD (Double TRuncated) protocol, featuring a modified counter incrementation mechanism.
  • Integration of an additional Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) encryption step within the protocol.
  • Requirement for the dielet to transmit an extra 100 bits for enhanced verification.

Main Results:

  • The DTR-SHIELD protocol effectively mitigates desynchronization attacks by moving beyond reliance on truncated serial IDs.
  • The enhanced protocol ensures more robust security through active server involvement and rigorous message verification.
  • The modified counter mechanism and additional encryption provide a stronger defense against try-and-check and desynchronization exploits.

Conclusions:

  • DTR-SHIELD offers a significant security improvement over CTR-SHIELD for semiconductor authentication.
  • The protocol's design enhances the integrity of integrated circuits within the global supply chain.
  • Active server participation and message verification are crucial for advanced hardware security protocols.