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Related Concept Videos

Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis02:29

Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis

Overview
Ethers can be prepared from organic compounds by various methods. Some of them are discussed below,
Preparation of Ethers by Alcohol Dehydration
In this method, in the presence of protic acids, alcohol dehydrates to produce alkenes and ethers under different conditions. For example, in the presence of sulphuric acid, dehydration of ethanol at 413 K yields ethoxyethane, whereas it yields ethene at 443 K.
Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols02:32

Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols

Alcohols are organic compounds in which a hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon. Phenols are a class of alcohols containing a hydroxy group attached to an aromatic ring. The physical properties of the alcohols and phenols are influenced by hydrogen bonding due to the oxygen–hydrogen dipole in the hydroxy functional group and dispersion forces between alkyl or aryl regions of alcohol and phenol molecules.
Alcohols possess a higher boiling point than aliphatic hydrocarbons of similar...
Protection of Alcohols02:31

Protection of Alcohols

This lesson delves into the concept of protection and deprotection of a functional group fundamental to synthetic organic chemistry. These phenomena are explained in the context of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols.
Protection
It defines a protecting group as the masking agent to make the more reactive species inert to a given set of conditions. This concept is depicted via the illustration of liquid flow through different outlets in an assembly of pipes. The analogy helps to understand the role...
Mass Spectrometry: Alcohol Fragmentation01:03

Mass Spectrometry: Alcohol Fragmentation

Alcohols (R-OH) ionize to lose one non-bonded electron from the oxygen atom, forming molecular ions. Due to their tendency to fragment rapidly, the intensity of the molecular ion peak in the mass spectrum is weak or sometimes absent. The fragmentation patterns for alcohols occur in two ways, i.e. ⍺-cleavage and dehydration. During ⍺-cleavage, the bond at the ⍺-position adjacent to the hydroxyl group cleaves to give a resonance-stabilized cation and a radical. However, intramolecular dehydration...
Production of Alcohol01:27

Production of Alcohol

Continuous fermentation is a key strategy in industrial ethanol production, particularly when efficiency, scalability, and high yields are essential. This approach allows for uninterrupted operation and optimized resource utilization. The primary feedstock, corn starch, undergoes enzymatic hydrolysis facilitated by α-amylase and glucoamylase. These enzymes break down the starch into fermentable sugars such as glucose, which are readily assimilated by fermentative microorganisms.Fermentation...

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A Detailed Protocol for Perspiration Monitoring Using a Novel, Small, Wireless Device
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Wearable Alcohol Monitoring Device for the Data-Driven Transcutaneous Alcohol Diffusion Model.

Ahmed Hasnain Jalal1, Sepehr Arbabi2, Mohammad A Ahad3

  • 1Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|July 13, 2024
PubMed
Summary

This study developed a wearable device and model for noninvasive blood alcohol content (BAC) monitoring. The exponential linear model accurately predicts alcohol diffusion through skin, improving real-time BAC measurement reliability.

Keywords:
BACPEMFC sensordiffusion modelepidermisexponential lineartranscutaneous

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Wearable alcohol monitoring requires accurate, real-time, noninvasive blood alcohol content (BAC) measurement.
  • Current transcutaneous devices lack reliability due to skin complexity and physiological factors.
  • A robust diffusion model is needed to improve transcutaneous alcohol monitoring accuracy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a transcutaneous alcohol diffusion model using real-time data from human wrists.
  • To understand alcohol kinetics within skin epidermis layers for improved BAC monitoring.
  • To establish a computational model for future, larger-scale studies.

Main Methods:

  • Fabricated a wearable BAC monitoring device with a PEMFC sensor, potentiostat, and BLE transceiver.
  • Collected real-time transcutaneous alcohol diffusion data from eight volunteers' wrists.
  • Developed and optimized a diffusion model by comparing experimental data with piecewise linear, exponential linear, and Hoerl functions.

Main Results:

  • The exponential linear function provided the best fit for the experimental transcutaneous alcohol diffusion data.
  • A 20% decrease in skin epidermis thickness was shown to result in faster alcohol diffusion dynamics.
  • The model indicated approximately 60 minutes to reach maximum alcohol concentration in the stratum corneum.

Conclusions:

  • The developed transcutaneous alcohol diffusion model enhances understanding of alcohol kinetics in skin.
  • This model serves as a foundation for more accurate wearable, noninvasive BAC monitoring devices.
  • The study highlights the influence of skin properties and consumption levels on BAC measurement accuracy.