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Current Diagnostic Techniques for Pneumonia: A Scoping Review
Kehkashan Kanwal1, Muhammad Asif2, Syed Ghufran Khalid3
1College of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Ziauddin University, Karachi 75000, Pakistan.
Abstract:
Community-acquired pneumonia is one of the most lethal infectious diseases, especially for infants and the elderly. Given the variety of causative agents, the accurate early detection of pneumonia is an active research area. To the best of our knowledge, scoping reviews on diagnostic techniques for pneumonia are lacking. In this scoping review, three major electronic databases were searched and the resulting research was screened. We categorized these diagnostic techniques into four classes (i.e., lab-based methods, imaging-based techniques, acoustic-based techniques, and physiological-measurement-based techniques) and summarized their recent applications. Major research has been skewed towards imaging-based techniques, especially after COVID-19. Currently, chest X-rays and blood tests are the most common tools in the clinical setting to establish a diagnosis; however, there is a need to look for safe, non-invasive, and more rapid techniques for diagnosis. Recently, some non-invasive techniques based on wearable sensors achieved reasonable diagnostic accuracy that could open a new chapter for future applications. Consequently, further research and technology development are still needed for pneumonia diagnosis using non-invasive physiological parameters to attain a better point of care for pneumonia patients.
Insights
Accurate early detection of pneumonia is crucial, especially for vulnerable groups. This review categorizes pneumonia diagnostic techniques, highlighting the need for safer, non-invasive methods beyond current imaging and lab tests.
Area of Science:
- Medical Diagnostics
- Infectious Diseases
- Respiratory Medicine
Background:
- Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a leading cause of death, particularly in infants and the elderly.
- Accurate and early diagnosis of pneumonia is challenging due to diverse causative agents.
- Existing scoping reviews on pneumonia diagnostic techniques are limited.
Purpose of the Study:
- To conduct a scoping review of diagnostic techniques for community-acquired pneumonia.
- To categorize and summarize recent advancements in pneumonia diagnosis.
- To identify gaps and future directions in pneumonia detection methods.
Main Methods:
- Systematic search of three major electronic databases.
- Screening of retrieved research articles on pneumonia diagnostics.
- Categorization of diagnostic techniques into lab-based, imaging-based, acoustic-based, and physiological-measurement-based methods.
Main Results:
- Research on pneumonia diagnosis is heavily focused on imaging-based techniques, especially post-COVID-19.
- Chest X-rays and blood tests remain the most common clinical diagnostic tools.
- Emerging non-invasive techniques using wearable sensors show promising diagnostic accuracy.
Conclusions:
- There is a significant need for developing safe, non-invasive, and rapid pneumonia diagnostic tools.
- Non-invasive physiological measurements via wearable sensors represent a potential future direction.
- Further research and technological development are essential for point-of-care pneumonia diagnosis.
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